Transcript Highlights:

• This is the Browerville construction sales tax exemption.
• materials and supplies for construction materials and supplies for construction reconstruction<00
• Yes, good morning. thank you water Watertown zip code thank you water Watertown zip code 55388<00:10:
• parenthesis of the Internal Revenue code parenthesis of the Internal Revenue code period<00:20:57.360
• <00:53:49.079> so very basic idea uh in our tax code so very basic idea uh in our tax code

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• construction construction how<00:23:15.200> uh how uh how uh so<00:23:17.480> so<00:23
• <00:23:31.600> in starting some form of construction in starting some form of construction
• <00:31:27.760> that using prefabricated construction that using prefabricated construction
• design guides construction design guides construction specifications<00:34:08.000> standard
• purely for construction construction of purely for construction construction of the<01:17:15.040>

Keywords: 910, house, all

Summary: The Committee on Education held an informational/budget briefing with presentations from the State Library System, the School Facilities Authority, and the Department of Education. The chair opened the meeting by outlining the order of presentations and noting that members would hold questions until after all three agencies had testified. The discussion focused on each agency’s priorities for the upcoming biennium and their budget requests. State Librarian Stacy Aldridge described library usage and services, emphasizing strong demand for physical and digital materials, internet and Wi-Fi access, programs, Kanopy streaming, and PressReader. She highlighted digital literacy classes, RFID self-check and smart shelving improvements, and the role of libraries as community hubs. The library’s budget request included an additional $1.2 million for security guards, $48.484 million for FY 26-27 to support popup libraries during temporary closures and other needs, $500,000 for repair and maintenance, $2 million for Kap planning and design, and $25 million each year for lump-sum capital funding. Mallerie Fujitani said the lump-sum funding is needed to keep roughly 50 projects moving and to avoid delays in construction. School Facilities Authority Executive Director Ricky Fujitani explained the agency’s startup history and its programs for preschools, Central Maui schools, and workforce housing. He said the authority is using standardized, prefabricated, programmatic approaches to speed delivery and improve maintainability, citing prior preschool renovations as a successful model. He reported that of $389 million appropriated, $106 million was released, with $81 million for preschools, $20 million for Central Maui schools, and $5 million for workforce housing; he also noted the workforce housing program was reduced after Maui fire-related reallocations. He said the pilot workforce housing site at Mililani High School has been awarded and pointed to University of Hawaiʻi student housing projects as a model. Superintendent Hayashi then began the Department of Education presentation, introducing DOE leadership and outlining the department’s mission to support academic achievement, character development, and student well-being. He noted the department serves more than 152,000 students in 258 public schools and employs over 42,000 people, with nearly 54% of students facing significant challenges. He framed the budget request around the department’s strategic plan to prepare graduates for college, careers, or military service. The transcript ends during the DOE presentation, before any committee votes or formal actions are taken.

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:22:17.799> jobs<00:22:18.600> and create both construction jobs and create both
• construction jobs and permanent<00:22:19.279> jobs<00:22:20.240> mifa<00:22:20.840>
• It had over 100 construction jobs and eight new jobs at Avenues for Youth, and so really happy to see
• loan activity so day-to-day construction loan activity so we<00:41:25.480> have<00:41:25.720>
• These pipes are now under those roads that are being constructed.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The amendment is coded A3. I recognize the author of the amendment.
• In the construction industry, there are an estimated 12,000 immigrants.
• since 2013, where I work in the construction trade.
• He's a construction worker from Mankato, Minnesota, who is undocumented.
• Gordon moves to amend Senate File Number 3; the amendment is coded A-3.

Transcript Highlights:

• Senate Bill 59 amends and reenacts sections of the Code of Virginia related to photo speed monitoring
• Here's a problem: there's no definition in the code for electioneering.
• The Senate substitute helps us clean up the language of the code.
• The Senate substitute clarifies, and adds language in various code sections providing for consistency
• The Senate made technical amendments to cross-reference other sections of the code.

Keywords: March 12, 2026 - Regular Session, 976, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• As we OIO because we share a zip code.
• Construction materials and labor costs continue to escalate.
• While the city would have construction.
• ,<01:26:28.560> replacement,<01:26:29.040> and construction, replacement, and construction
• <01:55:57.840> new their services, construct new their services, construct new facilities,

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• House Bill 841, although it's titled expropriation, is dealing with landman code of conduct.
• But if you look in line three in the title, it says to establish a code of conduct.
• If you look in line three in the in the in the title it says to establish a code of conduct.
• Making it product agnostic for the code of conduct. That's correct. That's correct.
• Code of conduct for the landman.

Summary: The House Natural Resources Committee met on April 29, 2026, with a quorum present and took up several bills related to property rights, expropriation, renewable energy recycling, and local permitting. Representative Domangue first presented HCR 80 on private property rights, using it to highlight the 2025 landman code of conduct and the need for stronger guardrails in expropriation negotiations. She then deferred the resolution in order to allow Chairman Geymann to present HB 841, which was described as establishing a code of conduct for landmen and expropriation-related negotiations. The committee heard testimony and watched video examples from landowners describing intimidation, inadequate compensation offers, and the need for fair treatment. Amendments were adopted to broaden the bill to all certificate holders, prohibit threats about court costs and attorney fees, shorten response times, and add graduated fines and public posting for violations. HB 841 was reported favorably as amended, with no opposition cards recorded. The committee then considered HB 621 by Representative Coates, which would require recycling of decommissioned renewable energy infrastructure to the extent practical. After discussion with DEQ, the bill was amended to clarify that existing universal waste rules apply and to remove language that would have required the renewable facility owner to pay decommissioning costs in that section; the effective date was set for January 1, 2027. Testimony from renewable energy industry representatives supported the measure and explained that solar panels and related components can be recycled at high rates, with established markets for recovered materials. The committee adopted the amendments and reported HB 621 favorably. Next, Representative Jacob Landry presented HB 595, aimed at preventing local governments from unreasonably delaying or impeding energy projects through permit requirements, especially road permits affecting Haynesville Shale operations. After amendment, the bill required timely action on local road permits and deemed them approved if not acted on within 30 days. Supporters emphasized the economic importance of the Haynesville and the need for predictable permitting, while opponents argued the bill could further erode local authority, particularly regarding carbon capture and sequestration. The committee reported HB 595 favorably. Landry then presented HB 1191, creating a certificate of compliance process for oilfield and exploration and production sites to provide a cleaner path for cleanup, finality, and future investment. The bill drew technical and substantive amendments, including changes to definitions, confidentiality, and the role of DEQ; discussion continued over whether the bill should be deferred to allow more time to work through the remaining issues.

Transcript Highlights:

• Welcome to the first Standing Codes Committee of the year.
• dealing with incredibly weighty issues and outside of the room that may be divisive in a not-so-constructive
• Here in the Codes Committee, we try to disagree without being disagreeable.
• And we, of course, are joined by our counsel for the Codes Committee, Damara, who does a lot of heavy
• The bill is reported, and that concludes the first meeting of the Codes Committee.

Keywords: 993, senate, all

Summary: The Senate Standing Codes Committee held its first meeting of the year with a 10-bill agenda, opening with brief remarks from the chair and Ranking Member Palumbo emphasizing the committee’s bipartisan tone and noting that several bills related to National Human Trafficking Prevention Month. The chair also announced quorum, identified members present, and introduced the clerk and counsel. The committee discussed and reported a series of bills, many involving criminal procedure, penal law, and civil rights. Several measures focused on human trafficking and sexual exploitation, including bills addressing statutes of limitation for sex trafficking cases and a new bill to close a loophole involving 16- and 17-year-olds in commercial sex offenses. Other bills dealt with appellate review, plea-related criminal procedure issues, consent and autonomy, and executive-law changes. Some sponsors and members explained their support or concerns, particularly on appellate finality and judicial economy, but the overall tone remained respectful and collaborative. Most bills were reported out of committee, several to the Finance Committee. Recorded negatives or without-recommendation votes appeared on a few measures, including opposition from Senators Palumbo, Murray, and Gallivan on one criminal procedure bill and mixed votes on others. The final bill, Senator Mayer’s measure on commercial sex involving minors, was praised as closing a dangerous loophole and was reported unanimously, concluding the meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• So, I am the Senate appointee to the Uniform Law Commission, and um this is a ULC bill that was prepared
• internet only, uh, you got to have the billing address and you have to use the three- or four-digit code
• donors and going out and buying a whole bunch of Visa gift cards or MasterCard, whatever. four-digit code
• And four-digit code on the credit card.

Bills: HB163, HB344, SB11, SB92, SB164, HB22, HB89, SB227, SB6

Keywords: income tax, research expenditures, economic development, tax deductions, Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Alabama tax law, educational intervention, State Superintendent, local boards of education, subpoena, accountability, state control, electric vehicles, registrations, license tax, public transportation, funding infrastructure, K-12 education, wireless communication devices, digital safety

Transcript Highlights:

• And of course, the general curriculum code that's in... in the statute lays out a general code for what
• could be taken to fit the core curriculum as defined in the Texas Core Curriculum and the Education Code
• And quite frankly, I think I'd be concerned if we tried to make all that uniform.

Bills: SB 37

Keywords: fetal development, education, public health curriculum, middle school, age-appropriate instruction, 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I think my colleagues for their feedback, and they're really, really constructive.
• adds the term to the definition of transportation corridor for purposes of the Florida Transportation Code
• It authorizes FDOT to acquire, own, construct, and operate certain airports, and it requires FDOT to
• It authorizes FDOT to acquire, own, construct, and operate certain airports, and it requires FDOT to
• If it's only for, or if you want to, you could also do it as only for construction projects, which would

Summary: The Transportation Committee met with a quorum and first took up SB 1362 on advanced air mobility. Senator Harrell described the bill as creating a framework for vertiports and eVTOL operations, including DOT oversight, vertiport licensing, preemption of local design and operational regulation, and limited liability protections. An amendment was adopted that removed the bill’s sales tax exemptions and narrowed the sovereign immunity language so it would apply only to vertiports co-located at airports, aligning the bill more closely with the House companion. Supporters from eVTOL companies praised Florida’s leadership and the regulatory clarity, while the Florida Justice Association urged caution about extending immunity to unproven entities. The committee then reported the bill favorably. The committee next considered SB 260 on storage and cleanup of electric vehicles after crashes. An amendment narrowed the bill to EVs with visible battery or battery-compartment damage or saltwater submersion, clarified that the fee applies to storage rather than towing, and tied the proposal to existing fire marshal rules requiring damaged EVs to be stored away from structures. Insurance and rental-car industry representatives supported the narrowed approach but asked for more data reporting, clearer limits on cleanup language, and safeguards against overcharging or cost shifting. The bill was debated as a response to the space and safety burdens placed on tow operators, and it was reported favorably after amendment. The committee also approved SB 1352, which creates a secure online portal for license plate seizure/confiscation processing, allows disabled veterans to retain their DV plate alphanumeric designation, authorizes immediate issuance of DV plates by tax collectors, bans license plate covers/overlays that obscure plates, and routes online driver license/ID renewals to the customer’s county tax collector with service fees remitted accordingly. SB 1370 was reported favorably as well; it closes a loophole so drivers who never had a license can still be treated similarly to suspended-license offenders for habitual traffic offender purposes after repeated offenses. Finally, the committee considered SB 1220, FDOT’s transportation package, which included updates to trail prioritization, SunTrail materials and sponsorships, seaport and airport resilience planning, drone delivery and personnel delivery device provisions, LiDAR coordination, turnpike toll programming changes, and felony penalties for damaging autonomous vehicles. An amendment removed some provisions, including digital driver license authorization and the rapid rail transit compact, and added advanced air mobility corridor language and an FDOT study on alternative-fuel revenue impacts; after support from several stakeholders, the committee reported the bill favorably and adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• Since inception of the program in 2015, FDOT has completed 42 construction projects, couples.
• FDOT has completed 42 construction projects, covering nearly 95 miles of trails in 21 counties throughout
• And starting September of 2024, we have installed QR code signs at 44 locations throughout the state.
• addressing road-related drainage improvements, resurfacing or reconstructing county roads, or constructing
• enhanced support to these partners through funding waivers, support for planning, design, and construction

Summary: The Senate Transportation Committee met and first received an update from FDOT on the Sun Trail shared-use nonmotorized trail program. FDOT said the program, created in 2015 and expanded by 2023 legislation, now includes connections to the Florida Wildlife Corridor and received a one-time $200 million appropriation plus increased annual funding. The department reported programming about $180 million of that funding, completing 42 construction projects totaling nearly 95 miles in 21 counties, and installing trail counters and QR-code surveys to measure usage and economic impact. Members expressed support for the program and asked no substantive questions. The committee then heard a presentation on FDOT’s locally administered state transportation funding programs, including SCOP, SCOPM, SCRAP, SIGP, and TRIP. FDOT explained these programs support local roadway resurfacing, bridge repair, drainage, paving unpaved roads, and safety or capacity improvements, with varying state match levels depending on the program and eligibility. FDOT said its adopted five-year work program includes more than $1.4 billion for local transportation improvement projects. A member asked whether toll revenues from Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties fund these programs; FDOT said it would research the funding source and follow up. The committee’s main discussion was a panel on advanced air mobility (AAM), including FDOT and industry representatives from Supernal, Joby, Atlantic Aviation, Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, and Eve Air Mobility. FDOT described its AAM planning work, advisory committee, local government guidebook, and upcoming training, while panelists emphasized Florida’s leadership, the likely use of existing airport and heliport infrastructure first, and the expectation that private investment will fund much of the early vertiport buildout. Members raised concerns about community acceptance, privacy, zoning, airspace congestion, security, and lessons from scooters and drones. Panelists repeatedly stressed a “crawl, walk, run” rollout, local government coordination, multimodal connectivity, and public outreach. No votes were taken, and the committee adjourned after the panel.

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:59:10.559> a<00:59:10.799> new campus. and we will construct a new campus. and
• ,<00:59:43.920> saving<00:59:44.319> approximately code, saving approximately code, saving
• The building will be roughly 40% more efficient than code requires.
• The building will be roughly 40% more efficient than code requires.
• Um uh you know construction<01:02:41.040> is<01:02:41.280> going<01:02:41.359> to

Bills: HF2928, HF2912, HF2297

Keywords: water appropriation, data centers, environmental review, energy conservation, permit application, carbon-free energy, geothermal energy, renewable energy, Macalester College, appropriation, sustainability, solar energy, pollinator programs, license plates, agrivoltaics, environmental sustainability, 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• The response was that this is a different section of the code, so this would not change or apply either
• or is this a different section of allow or is this a different section of traffic<00:38:56.040> code
• you know I do not have the traffic code you know I do not have the expertise<00:38:58.760> to
• /c><00:39:09.520> so<00:39:09.680> this<00:39:09.839> wouldn't section of the code
• yeah that's fine members any constructed yeah that's fine members any other<00:42:19.000> questions

Keywords: 910, house, all

Summary: The House Committee on Transportation met on March 18, 2025, to hear several measures and later take up amendments and votes. Early items included a budget measure to increase the mass transit special fund expenditure ceiling, a bill extending lapse dates for drug and alcohol toxicology testing laboratory funds, and a measure creating buffer zones for parking near crosswalks and intersections. Testimony on the crosswalk-parking bill was broadly supportive from transportation, law enforcement, planning, bicycling, public health, and advocacy groups, with the Department of Health emphasizing visibility and roadway safety. The committee also heard a bill establishing the Mokai air carrier subsidy program for Molokaʻi, which drew support from the Chamber of Commerce Hawaii and comments from the Department of Transportation. The committee then heard SB 106 on pedestrian rules, which generated mixed testimony: the Office of the Public Defender, Hawaii Appleseed, Hawaii Public Health Institute, Hawaii Workers Center, and the Department of Health supported it, while the Honolulu Police Department and Kīpuka Injury Prevention Coalition opposed it. Supporters argued the bill would reduce inequitable jaywalking enforcement and reflect a broader safety culture; opponents warned it could create confusion and risk. Members also discussed whether the bill would affect other traffic-code provisions and asked about crash data in other jurisdictions; the Department of Health said crashes had not increased in other places and cited California data showing decreased crashes and fatalities. In decision-making, the committee voted to pass SB 934 SD2 with amendments, with Representative Miyake reserving and Representative Cochran excused. It then passed SB 1526 SD2 with amendments. SB 1195 SD1 was also passed with amendments after the chair proposed adding language tying fines for illegal parking near crosswalks and intersections to the Safe Routes to School special fund and establishing a fine range of $100 to $500 per violation, with collected fines dedicated to pedestrian safety improvements. Members voiced support for the dedicated revenue source and community safety rationale. The committee next passed SB 1638 SD2 with amendments to strengthen the constitutional/public-purpose findings for subsidizing air carriers serving Molokaʻi and to add annual audit requirements and penalties for misuse of funds. The amended findings emphasized that affordable air service is essential for health care, employment, education, and overall well-being in remote island communities, and that the subsidy program is intended to improve access and competition while lowering costs for residents. The chair then recessed the meeting after the final vote.

Transcript Highlights:

• responsibility off of local city clerks who have many other things to do would also provide some uniformity
• responsibility off of local city clerks who have many other things to do would also provide some uniformity
• handled centrally would also provide handled centrally would also provide some<00:43:41.920> uniformity
• c> would<00:43:43.400> also<00:43:43.839> provide<00:43:44.160> a some uniformity
• uh would also provide a some uniformity uh would also provide a central<00:43:44.800> place<00

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• in our homes, who's working in the restaurants... ...and the construction in our homes, who's working
• Nonprofits are currently defined through the Welfare and Institutions Code as organizations that have
• federal tax-exempt status under Section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code.
• However, ...under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
• organization for the purposes of state tax exemption in Section 23701D of the Revenue and Taxation Code

Summary: The Assembly met in session, established a quorum, and opened with a prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance. Members then moved through guest introductions, including students and fellows from California Lutheran University, UC Merced’s CAPE program, the Maddy Institute, and Madera High School’s Madtown Robotics Team 1323, which was recognized for multiple robotics world championships. The chamber also adopted an adjournment in memory and took up the daily file. Several bills and resolutions were considered and passed, including AB 1390 on school board compensation thresholds, AB 1338 on air district cost recovery for fence-line air monitoring, AB 648 on community college housing, AB 1207 on cap-and-trade price ceilings, ACR 66 recognizing Skin Cancer Awareness Month, AB 49 on keeping ICE out of public schools, AB 317 on a CEQA exemption for certain single-family homes, AB 527 on geothermal exploratory wells, AB 665 on the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation ombudsman report, AB 940 creating quantum innovation zones, AB 1021 on workforce housing for education agencies, AB 1112 on property tax apportionment in Rancho Mirage, AB 1318 on nonprofit eligibility for public funding, and AB 1470 on using student housing loan funds for affordable housing in downtowns and commercial districts. Most measures passed with broad support; AB 49 and AB 1318 were urgency bills and passed with the required higher vote threshold. The floor also adopted H.R. 40, declaring May 25 as Rosenda’s Day to honor a teen killed by a drunk driver, and H.R. 42, recognizing May as Behavioral Health Awareness Month. Both drew extensive personal testimony from members about mental health, suicide, substance use, and the need to reduce stigma and expand access to care. Additional health-related bills passed, including AB 408 creating a physician health and wellness program, AB 546 requiring coverage for HEPA purifiers for certain enrollees after wildfire disasters, AB 967 expediting licenses for out-of-state physicians, and AB 968 expanding pharmacist authority to provide non-hormonal contraception. The Assembly also debated AB 1056 on phasing out gill net fishing and AB 1376 on limiting juvenile probation terms, with supporters framing both as conservation or rehabilitation measures and opponents warning about economic harm or public safety concerns. Both bills ultimately passed. Throughout the session, members repeatedly emphasized public safety, education, housing, climate, health care access, and support for immigrant and youth communities, with recorded roll-call votes and voice votes taken on each measure.

Transcript Highlights:

• This policy provides a framework and guidance to determine cooperative construction costs and maintenance
• <00:01:59.360> uh<00:01:59.520> as<00:01:59.759> well construction project costs
• . uh as well construction project costs. uh as well as<00:02:00.719> uh<00:02:01.040> direction
• <00:02:36.319> costs<00:02:36.640> and<00:02:36.959> maintenance construction costs
• Kaggel for her constructive Kaggel for her constructive conversations<00:48:28.800> that<

Bills: HF3131, HF3436, HF3106, HF3241, HF3531

Keywords: cancer, disability, parking certificates, transportation, state law, school bus, schoolchildren, student safety, traffic safety, stop arm, flashing red lights, amber lights, passing a school bus, 20 feet, vehicle stopping distance, driver duties, school transportation, Minnesota traffic law, school bus law, bus stop signal

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:08:07.159> contractor with its civil construction contractor with its civil construction
• allowing us to hire a construction allowing us to hire a construction contractor<00:21:33.120>
• <00:26:13.720> Innovative mot office of construction Innovative mot office of construction
• <00:35:10.040> item quantity for each construction item quantity for each construction item
• constructibility constructibility uh<00:53:25.119> secondly<00:53:25.640> recommend<00

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• removing time-based requirements per insurance line while retaining 12 general hours of ethics and code
• removing time-based requirements per insurance line while retaining 12 general hours of ethics and code
• removing time-based requirements per insurance line while retaining 12 general hours of ethics and code
• also want to emphasize that this bill preserves the 12-hour study requirements for ethics and the code
• also want to emphasize that this bill preserves the 12-hour study requirements for ethics and the code

Summary: The Assembly Insurance Committee met as a subcommittee and heard several bills focused on insurance transparency, wildfire mitigation, market access, and workforce issues. AB 75 would require insurers to give homeowners 30 days’ notice before collecting aerial images of their property and allow homeowners to review those images; supporters said it would improve privacy and prevent inaccurate non-renewals, while consumer and industry groups both sought amendments. AB 234 would add the Assembly Speaker and Senate President pro Tem, or designees, as non-voting members on the California FAIR Plan governing committee; the Department of Insurance supported it as an oversight measure, while Consumer Federation of California said it was only a small first step toward broader transparency reforms. AB 428 would let water corporations join joint powers authorities for pooled insurance, with supporters citing rising insurance costs for small water systems and no remaining opposition after amendments. AB 943 would streamline producer pre-licensing education by removing the 20-hour per-line requirement while keeping ethics training; industry sponsors said it would reduce barriers to entry, while consumer advocates warned it could lower professional standards. AB 1209 would create a pathway for cannabis employers to secure workers’ compensation coverage and related services through a state-coordinated network; supporters said it would help bring the industry into compliance, while one member raised concerns about creating a special carveout for a federally restricted industry. AB 1 would require periodic review of the state’s Safer from Wildfire regulations every five years, and it drew broad support from the department, insurers, local governments, and industry groups as a way to keep wildfire mitigation incentives current. The committee also took up a consent calendar including AB 69, AB 487, and AB 570, all of which were sent to Appropriations. The committee approved AB 75 to Privacy and Consumer Protection, AB 234 to the Assembly Floor, AB 428 to Local Government, AB 943 to Appropriations, AB 1209 to Business and Professions, and AB 1 to Appropriations. Most measures passed on strong or unanimous votes after members added coauthor requests and expressed support for the bills’ consumer protection, transparency, or wildfire-related goals.

Transcript Highlights:

• out those alerts, they need to be specific because the local people might know this road's under construction
• out those alerts, they need to be specific because the local people might know this road's under construction
• Is it by zip code? Is it by area code? How are the lines determined?
• Zip codes aren't going to work because in major metropolitan communities, as well as area codes, that
• We have used Perimeter, Code Red, Reverse 911, Nixle, and various social media platforms to message our

Summary: The joint informational hearing focused on California’s emergency alert and warning systems, especially in light of recent Southern California wildfires and the January 9 evacuation alert that was mistakenly sent to millions of residents. Opening remarks emphasized the loss of life, the strain on first responders, the importance of timely warnings, and concerns that public trust in alerts has been undermined by delays, confusion, and over-alerting. Members repeatedly raised questions about how to improve speed, accuracy, coordination across jurisdictions, and public understanding of the difference between evacuation warnings and orders. Cal OES staff described the state’s alert and warning framework, including SEMS, the State Warning Center, IPAWS, WEA, and EAS, and said local governments retain primary responsibility for issuing alerts because they know local roads, shelters, and hazards best. They said Cal OES supports local agencies with training, technical assistance, testing, and backup alerting help when requested, and that local alerting authorities must test their systems every 30 days and complete FEMA-required training. Members pressed Cal OES on gaps in smaller or under-resourced jurisdictions, the lack of a statewide unified system, compliance monitoring, redundancy for people without reliable technology, and whether the state should take a more active role. Cal OES said it could assist smaller jurisdictions and step in during emergencies, but that a statewide system would require further analysis and funding. Sheriff Eric Taylor of San Benito County emphasized that local control is essential because counties differ widely in structure, geography, and alerting responsibilities, and he described the challenges of rural areas, limited cell coverage, and multiple platforms such as Nixle, Reverse 911, and social media. Nick Russell of Watch Duty said the nonprofit fills gaps by providing fast, geospatially detailed wildfire information from volunteers and public data, and argued that context and redundancy are critical because official alerts often arrive too late or lack enough detail. Members praised Watch Duty’s usefulness and asked about incorporating similar capabilities into state systems. Public commenters also raised the need for broader redundancy, including earthquake-warning partnerships, and wildfire survivors urged the committee to address the confusing patchwork of alerts and to honor prior compensation commitments to PG&E fire survivors. No votes were taken; the hearing was informational only and adjourned after member questions and public comment.