Transcript Highlights:

• between the agency model and the budget model.
• between the agency model and the budget model.
• We also provide home uh budget model.
• There the agency and the budget model.
• </c><00:24:30.880><c> So,</c> doesn't cover the budget model. So, doesn't cover the budget model.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Senate Joint Resolution 5, introduced by Senators Brantley, Woods, and Boone, a joint resolution requesting
• emergency clause has been read in full and signed by the officers of the House. in open session and request
• The Public Education Department will discuss the public education budget and education budget 101, covering
• that is, where the money is, how much, how things have changed over the years, and how education budgeting
• I talked to the management over there and requested that they please start pumping additional oxygen

Transcript Highlights:

• Their fiscal note was requested February 9, 2026, but it has not been provided to date.
• to be long-winded here, but the IDD waiver services, the governor also introduced in his proposed budget
• Our senior centers do a wonderful job through the line item in our state budget to provide those meal
• to be long-winded here, but the IDD waiver services, the governor also introduced in his proposed budget
• So that was a request from the bill sponsor that that language be taken out.

Keywords: 994, senate, all

Summary: The committee met, approved the March 5, 2026 minutes, and then took up several health- and human-services-related bills. House Bill 5086, concerning peer support programs for covered caregivers, was explained as creating training and testimonial privilege protections; the committee adopted an amendment clarifying that boards may still require participation in a board-designated professional health program, and then reported the bill to the full Senate with the recommendation that it do pass. House Bill 5004, an educational bill on PANS and PANDAS, was supported by the sponsor, who described his family’s experience and the importance of earlier diagnosis; it was reported to the Senate without amendment. House Bill 5327, which would require the Department of Human Services to create an ALS services program, also received supportive testimony from the sponsor and members, but the transcript reflects the bill being reported as House Bill 537; it was moved forward without amendment. The committee then considered House Bill 5096, which would remove personal care and intellectual/developmental disability waiver services from certificate-of-need review. The sponsor argued the change would reduce regulatory burden and expand access, while a county aging-program director testified that certificate-of-need revenues help fund senior meals and services and that eliminating the requirement would reduce important support for aging providers. After a division vote, the motion to report the bill failed 3-9. House Bill 4695, allowing PEIA patients to switch to an alternative medically appropriate covered treatment without new prior authorization if it costs no more than the original treatment, was explained as carrying an estimated $13 million annual cost to PEIA and was reported to the Senate. The committee also advanced House Bill 5582, enacting the Respiratory Care Interstate Compact, after discussion of a committee amendment removing a new-background-check-at-initial-licensure provision; the amendment was adopted and the bill was reported. Another House Bill 5582, concerning the TANF drug screening program, was described as removing the sunset date and allowing oral fluid testing in addition to urine samples; it too was reported. Finally, House Bill 5466 renamed the batterer intervention program as an abuse intervention program and allowed live synchronous virtual delivery with an in-person option; the sponsor said the change would expand access statewide, and the bill was reported to the Senate. The committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• If we were genuinely concerned about our budget, we would cut out genuine wasteful spending.
• don't have any data or any numbers that indicate this bill will have a significant impact on our budget
• We have a steadily growing budget in the state of Oklahoma and services to those in poverty.
• We could have addressed our budget challenges in many other ways than by putting targets on children's
• request this year for a $494 million recurring increase to their budget.

Bills: HB3057, HB3130, HB4113, HB3310, HB3314, HB3985, HB4486, HB3040, HB3407, HB4343, HB2981, HB3764, HB3765, HB3767, HB3982, HB3321, HB3322, HB3323, HB4126, HB4130, HB4170, HB3345, HB2941, HB3062, HB3244, HB3298, HB2977, HB3304, HB3299, HB3297, HB4260, HB3906, HB3648, HB3319, HB2933, HB3544, HB1322, HB4104, HB4105, HB4106, HB4107, HB4108, HB3974, HB3134, HB3055, HB3115, HB3471, HB3497, HB3500, HB3505, HB3755, HB4202, HB4226, HB4236, HB4139, HB4144, HB4422, HB4423, HB4317, HB4321, HB4322, HB3176, HB3239, HB3263, HB3673, HB3794, HB3796, HB4265, HB4266, HB2123, HB3048, HB2445

Keywords: government reporting, information technology, child welfare, environmental policy, state agency compliance, gender transition, minors, health services, punitive damages, parental rights, health care providers, voter registration, voter eligibility, felony disenfranchisement, restoration of voting rights, formerly incarcerated, reentry, parole, probation, supervision

Summary: The House convened with a prayer, Pledge of Allegiance, and several recognitions, including the Duncan Girls Golf Team, the Doctor of the Day, and the Nurse of the Day. Members also made personal announcements and committee meeting reminders before moving to legislation. The main floor action centered on House Bill 4422, which would require applicants for SNAP and TANF to be U.S. citizens and use the SAVE system to verify immigration status. Supporters argued it would protect taxpayer dollars, enforce the law, and reduce improper benefits use; opponents said it would deter eligible families, especially children in mixed-status households, from seeking aid and would not address DHS error rates or budget problems. After extended debate, the House passed HB 4422 by roll call vote, 18-0. The House then considered House Bill 4423, a similar measure applying the same citizenship-verification concept to Medicaid through the Oklahoma Health Care Authority. Debate repeated many of the same arguments about fiscal responsibility, eligibility, children’s access to benefits, and immigration enforcement. HB 4423 also passed by roll call vote, 18-0. The chamber then moved to announcements and adjourned until Monday, March 2, 2026.

Transcript Highlights:

• We have a team of nine people and a budget of $1.9 million. We would like more than...
• Nine people and a budget of $1.9 million.
• We have a team of nine people and a budget of $1.9 million.
• We would like more than. nine people and a budget of $1.9 million.
• Madam Chair, Director, can you just really quickly repeat what your total budget is and total FTEs?

Summary: The committee began with a presentation on modernization of the DeConcini Port of Entry in Nogales, Arizona. Testimony from local officials and port authority representatives described the port as outdated, flood-prone, and a major congestion and safety concern because CBP equipment and officers are positioned near the international boundary and stormwater/sewer infrastructure. Speakers said the port is vital to local and state commerce, estimated modernization could cost $1.5 billion to $2 billion, and requested state support and letters of support for federal advocacy. Committee members discussed the economic and safety impacts, and leadership said a joint letter would be prepared. The committee then considered several bills. HB 2237 would appropriate $4.5 million for Apache Junction’s Superstition Trails and a visitor gateway; it passed 4-2. HB 2926, the Workforce Housing Accelerator Act, would create expedited permitting for workforce housing, exempt the state portion of prime contracting tax for such projects, and adjust bond-related rules; after an amendment, it passed 6-1. HB 2113 would require RUCO to intervene in utility rate cases when proposed residential rate increases are 100% or more; testimony focused on large rate hikes in rural areas versus RUCO’s limited staff and budget, and the bill passed 5-1 with some members asking for continued discussion about RUCO’s priorities. The committee also passed HB 2824, which authorizes local governments to establish voluntary C-PACE programs for financing commercial property improvements through special assessments, with supporters saying it would help attract investment without using state general funds. HB 2939, the “Lucid bill,” would add a rural-location tax credit tied to large qualifying investments and new jobs; Lucid Motors testified that it would support advanced manufacturing and rural job creation, and the bill passed unanimously. The committee adjourned after noting HB 2950 would be held due to time and heard first at the next meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• Um, as this body knows, within our budget, we had requested two additional positions.
• So, that's the budget side of it.
• > two</c> within our budget, we had requested two within our budget, we had requested two additional
• </c> So, that that's the budget side of it. So, that that's the budget side of it.
• </c> baking into the budget with this? baking into the budget with this?

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• </c><00:12:07.920><c> for</c> we already have money in the budget for we already have money in the budget
• The budget, uh, my recollection is around five or 600,000.
• So it's not a big budget as far as the expenditure.
• The budget uh little slow getting going.
• So it's not a big big budget uh 600,000.

Bills: HB178, HB124, HB96, HB250, SB289, SB317, HB359, HB178, HB124, HB96, HB250, SB289, SB317, HB359

Keywords: HB178, Ten Commandments, public schools, K-12 education, Alabama, school display, religious display, Bible, Judeo-Christian, Establishment Clause, church-state separation, religion in schools, founding documents, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Northwest Ordinance, social studies, civics, history curriculum

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, there's so much to be proud of in this budget, and I'm so, and I'm happy to answer any questions
• Members, I appreciate the opportunity to present the subcommittee's budget recommendations on Article
• Chairman, for allowing our subcommittee to make budget recommendations for these important agencies,
• Members funding to address essential requests for our regulatory agencies and Funding for the request
• Uh, members, at this time, I'll provide the legislative budget board staff with some directives so they

Transcript Highlights:

• Patrick's Day, and welcome to the Assembly Budget Subcommittee Five on State Administration hearing today
• If you're unable to attend this hearing in person, you may submit your comments via email to ASM budget
• I'm new to this budget subcommittee, so this is the first time I'm hearing from you.
• The BCPs reflect a request for permanent position authority.
• The BCPs reflect a request for permanent position authority instead of the limited-term funding.

Summary: The Assembly Budget Subcommittee on State Administration met to hear the Civil Rights Department’s budget items, with the chair opening by emphasizing that agency directors should appear in person if they want their items heard. Go-Biz was not heard because its director was absent. The department outlined four chaptered-legislation implementation items: SB 464 on updated pay data reporting categories, AB 822 extending the Commission on the State of Hate, AB 935 expanding data collection and reporting, and SB 518 creating the Bureau for Descendants of American Slavery. The Department of Finance and Legislative Analyst’s Office had no concerns with these proposals. Members then asked about the department’s broader workload and role in responding to discrimination, hate incidents, and immigration-related fears in communities. CRD explained that it handles complaints in areas such as housing, employment, public accommodations, hate crimes, and human trafficking, but does not have jurisdiction over the federal government or landlord-tenant law generally. Officials said filings and open matters have risen sharply, with the department nearing 12,000 open matters, and described outreach in multiple languages, immigrant-serving work, and support for victims through T and U visa-related assistance. They also discussed the Commission on the State of Hate, the California vs. Hate hotline, and coordination with Stop the Hate grantees and community organizations. The committee also heard items on ongoing workload for AB 2188, AB 1041, and AB 1949, which would convert limited-term resources to permanent positions because workload has met or exceeded initial estimates. The LAO had no concerns. A final item requested $502,000 for ongoing security guard services at CRD public counters after more than a dozen threats to staff since July 2024; the LAO again had no concerns. Members expressed support for the security request and discussed the need for safe public-facing offices. No votes were taken, and each item was closed after discussion and public comment.

Transcript Highlights:

• WE WERE MADE AWARE OF THE FRAUD HAPPENING AT SOME OF OUR SCHOOL DISTRICTS WHERE A BAD ACTOR WOULD REQUEST
• CHANGES OF THE BANKING INFORMATION BUT UNFORTUNATELY WHEN THE ACTUAL VENDOR REQUESTED PAYMENTS THOSE
• SPENDING AND IMPROVE ACCOUNTABILITY AND IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE DISTRICT TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO ITS BUDGETS
• COULD YOU EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF THAT BUDGET UNDERESTIMATION?
• I CAN'T IMAGINE WHAT THE TOTAL BUDGET IS FOR THE SCHOOL SYSTEM, I GUESS WE SHOULD FIND OUT.

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• That's 13% of our budget.
• </c> Congressional Budget Office. Nothing. Congressional Budget Office. Nothing.
• I request the yeas and nays. The yeas and nays are requested.
• I request the record. The yeas and nays are requested.
• I request the record. The eyes have it. I request the record. The<05:23:28.080><c> recorded.

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Tuesday, May 20, 2025, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Chair, this is my favorite budget subcommittee.
• budget.
• Our budget overall looks like a $3.7 billion non-recurring budget and a $2.3 billion recurring budget
• , but within that, when you look at our budget, what you'll see is the individual budgets of those public
• FDOT is $15.5 billion of that budget annually.

Summary: The Transportation and Economic Development Budget Subcommittee met to organize for the session, take roll, and hear introductory remarks from members and agency heads. Members briefly introduced themselves and their districts, with several noting transportation, economic development, emergency response, military, and hurricane recovery issues in their areas. Chair Shove then outlined the subcommittee’s jurisdiction and current-year budget, noting a total of about $20.3 billion, with most funding coming from trust funds and only a small share from general revenue. The committee also heard that upcoming meetings would include presentations from major agencies in the subcommittee’s purview. The first agency presentation was from the Department of Military Affairs and the Florida National Guard. Major General John Haas described the Guard’s three missions—supporting national security, responding to state emergencies, and adding value to the state—and highlighted deployments for hurricanes, border security support, and ongoing support to the Department of Corrections. He emphasized that the Guard is understrength relative to Florida’s size and demand, said recruiting is strong, and identified force structure growth as the main challenge. Members asked about aircraft, funding sources, and recruiting; Haas explained the Guard’s helicopter and fixed-wing fleet, said aircraft purchases are funded through legislative appropriations, and reported strong interest in the Florida State Guard’s recruiting pipeline. Executive Director Mark Thieme then described the Florida State Guard’s expansion into air, ground, and maritime capabilities, including Black Hawks, boats, drones, canine search-and-rescue teams, and ground support units. He said the agency supported immigration enforcement and hurricane response, and asked for continued legislative support to expand aviation, maritime, and medical capabilities. Members praised the Guard’s disaster response work and asked about aircraft, funding, and staffing. Secretary Cord Byrd of the Department of State followed, focusing on election administration, election security, the SunBiz and voter registration IT systems, arts and culture, corporations, libraries, and historical resources. He said Florida’s election system remains a national model, reported two prosecutions for non-citizen voting, and discussed modernization needs for legacy IT systems. The committee also asked about voter lookup tools, password privacy for SunBiz, and arts funding vetoes. Secretary Alex Kelly of the Department of Commerce described the agency’s broad portfolio, including workforce, economic, community, and international commerce functions, plus housing recovery, broadband, small business support, rural infrastructure, defense-community grants, and law enforcement recruitment bonuses. He said access to capital is the biggest barrier for small businesses and noted ongoing work with CareerSource, the Department of Corrections, and other partners on workforce and reentry. Secretary Jared Perdue of the Department of Transportation then outlined FDOT’s record budget and five-year work program, emphasizing emergency response, preservation and maintenance, safety, and major investments in roads, ports, airports, transit, and spaceport infrastructure. He said the department has removed millions of cubic yards of storm debris, is ahead of schedule on the Moving Florida Forward initiative, and faces a large unfunded project backlog. Members asked about supply chain issues, project priorities, and workforce needs, and Perdue said FDOT is open to collaboration on recruitment and retention.

Transcript Highlights:

• </c><00:03:06.200><c> request</c><00:03:07.120><c> this</c> portion of our banal budget request this
• portion of our banal budget request this time<00:03:07.480><c> the</c><00:03:07.640><c> portion</c><00
• If we have time, I will share the research portion of the University's budget request.
• Madam Chair and members of the committee, this is a new request.
• The O&M dollars are the portion of state funding that come through the O&M budget.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• So while comparable Medicaid budget.
• We have records after a lawful request.
• </c> compared to our overall budget. compared to our overall budget.
• So from your already very large budget.
• Um, and then terms of Medicaid budget.

Bills: HF3423, HF2354, HF3634

Keywords: healthcare, provider enrollment, medical assistance, legislation, state funds, fraud prevention, subpoena authority, criminal penalties, consumer protection, service verification, Medicaid, human services, electronic documentation, 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Are there any requests to sever? Senator Alvarado.
• Yeah, well, hopefully we'll get some of that fixed with the budget, so, yeah.
• Can someone, a developer or whoever, come to you with a MUD request?
• And so one of our requests in our LAR is to be able to get a little bit more money.
• Do you know whether your budget request is, if granted, will make, you know, put you in better financial

Summary: The Senate Committee on Nominations met with a quorum and first took up pending nominations from an earlier agenda. Members severed Douglas McReecken, nominated to the Texas Tech University System Board of Regents, from the rest of the list and then voted to report the remaining nominees to the full Senate by a 7-0 vote. The committee then voted on the severed nomination itself and reported Douglas McReecken to the full Senate as well, by a 5-2 vote. The committee heard testimony from Brooke Pop, reappointed as chair of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, and later from Commissioner Katarina Gonzalez, also of TCEQ. Questions focused on whether TCEQ rules comply with state law, ex parte restrictions, public transparency, concrete batch plant permitting, MUD approvals, water availability, illegal dams, enforcement, and the agency’s role in local environmental disputes. Both nominees said they follow the law as written, described internal legal review of rules, and emphasized transparency, public outreach, and enforcement; Gonzalez said she had already sent back two rules she believed did not comply with legislation. Members also discussed TCEQ’s authority limits and the need for clearer public communication about what the agency can and cannot regulate. The committee also considered Alethea Sullivan, nominated to the Texas Southern University Board of Regents. Questions centered on TSU’s status as an independent institution, the role of HBCUs amid DEI-related legal changes, and student outcomes. Sullivan said she would focus on ensuring taxpayer and student resources produce valuable credentials and noted concerns from her review of graduation and bar passage rates. The committee then heard from Benjamin Barkley, appointed chief executive and public counsel of the Office of Public Utility Counsel. Barkley said OPUC’s main need is additional funding to recruit and retain attorneys and expert witnesses, reduce turnover, and continue representing residential and small commercial consumers in utility rate cases; he said the office was involved in 73 contested cases and saved Texans $2.2 billion in FY 2024. No final action was taken on the later nominees, and the committee recessed with nominations left pending.

Transcript Highlights:

• Uh, the Attorney General's office, other large state agencies that have a lot of budget flexibility.
• as best we can based on our legislative appropriation request.
• Um, we also get about 1000 requests from people who are incarcerated in TDCJ facilities.
• Those might be requests for information, um.
• Um, so they, they request those through us and then we send them to them.

Transcript Highlights:

• the budget?”
• So the way the budget is working is that the budget of the Maritime Academy...
• So the way the budget is working is that the budget of the Maritime Academy, formerly Cal Maritime, is
• discussions and our budget deliberations and budget decisions from the Assembly in the coming months
• before we adopt a budget.

Summary: The joint Assembly Higher Education and Budget Subcommittee hearing focused on the future of the California State University system, with opening remarks emphasizing CSU’s major role in California’s economy, workforce, and degree production. Chairs and members said the hearing was intended to inform 2026 budget decisions and to examine three main issues: declining enrollment at some campuses, cost controls and possible consolidation, and oversight of recent state investments at campuses such as Humboldt and Sonoma. The meeting was briefly delayed by microphone and sound problems before reconvening. The first panel featured CSU Academic Senate Chair Dr. Elizabeth Boyd and Cal State Student Association Vice President Katie Karam. Boyd urged the Legislature to protect academic freedom, strengthen faculty governance, provide stable ongoing funding, end unfunded mandates, support student food and housing security, fund flexible course schedules, improve transfer systems such as ASSIST, avoid over-centralizing academic programs, protect immigrant students, and expand intersegmental collaboration. Karam said students are feeling the effects of budget shortfalls through fewer course sections, reduced advising and services, longer time to degree, and tuition pressure, and she called for transparency, meaningful student involvement in budget decisions, and sustained state investment rather than cuts that harm the student experience. The second panel covered enrollment management and included CSU Chancellor’s Office and campus administrators from Chico State, Cal State L.A., and San Diego State. Dr. Delcy Perez said CSU Forward and the new systemwide enrollment plan are aimed at expanding access, aligning programs with workforce needs, and increasing resident enrollment; she reported systemwide enrollment gains and strong application numbers, including a direct-admissions pilot that expanded from Riverside to more campuses. Campus representatives described local recruitment and retention strategies, including early outreach to high school students, community college partnerships, guaranteed admission programs, and expanded advising and student support. San Diego State highlighted record enrollment and high demand, while Cal State L.A. described efforts to recover from impaction and rebuild enrollment. Members pressed CSU officials on the accuracy of enrollment data, the gap between funded targets and actual enrollment, and the system’s reallocation formula. CSU staff explained that campuses below target will see a 5% ongoing reallocation beginning in 2026-27, with one-time reserve funding also being directed to campuses that can grow, and that fiscal health reviews have been completed for 21 of 22 campuses. Legislators also asked about turnaround plans required by the budget act; CSU said those plans are being developed and will be shared in the spring after campus consultation. No formal votes were taken.

Transcript Highlights:

• And so I think the budget process will work itself out.
• And so I think the budget process will work itself out.
• No, this is not anything close to the $7.59 that the governor had in her budget.
• I request my remarks be entered into the journal.
• And we added that, not even at the request...

Bills: SB1041, SB1088, SB1118, SB1128, SB1168, SB1176, SB1189, SB1207, SB1250, SB1272, SB1274, SB1286, SB1428, SB1457, SB1461, SB1503, SB1519, SB1537, SB1582, SB1618, SB1654, SB1713, SB1827, SCR1012, SCR1020

Keywords: electronic monitoring, nursing care, assisted living, resident rights, privacy, consent, surveillance, cybersecurity, homeland security, artificial intelligence, state appropriation, VPN security, zero trust, housing, zoning, middle housing, urban development, duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes

Transcript Highlights:

• We are looking internally, deeply, at how we can achieve these budget cuts and come out through this,
• So we'll have some water budget, some high-level water budget analysis for every tributary basin contributing
• You talked about a water, if I understood it correctly, a water budget basically for the entire plain
• Request, could we get a slide pack for this, please?
• Request, could we get a slide pack for this, please?

Keywords: 989, all

Summary: The House Agricultural Affairs Committee approved the minutes from February 16, 2026, and then heard an update from the University of Idaho’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Rachel Bickerton described CALS’ land-grant mission, research and extension work, student placement outcomes, and examples of impact such as pale cyst nematode research, 4-H programming, and extension efforts on invasive weeds. She also highlighted new facilities including the Meat Science and Innovation Center and the Idaho Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (CAFE), and explained how FY26 and FY27 budget cuts will delay some hires and reduce temporary support, including several potato-related and other faculty positions. Committee members asked about CAFE’s research focus, herd acquisition timing, the status of a proposed Jerome educational center, and how endowed positions are handled when hiring is delayed. Bickerton said CAFE’s research will depend on funding but is centered on water efficiency and manure treatment, that cows are expected to be acquired in the spring with milking by late June, and that the Jerome center was not pursued because of funding and priority constraints. She also said the delayed positions are still intended to be filled, but hiring is being timed around budget pressures and search timelines. The committee then heard from Dr. Kendra Kaiser of the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, who outlined IWRI’s state-funded research priorities and its work distributing grant funds, centralizing water data, and producing independent analyses for decision-makers. She emphasized statewide concerns about water scarcity, water quality, snowpack monitoring, managed aquifer recharge, harmful algal blooms, and Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer planning, including projects on curtailment forecasting and groundwater data visualization. Members requested the project selection materials and asked about remote sensing, water budgets, and the value of independent review; Kaiser said the institute’s role is to provide objective, accessible data and stakeholder-informed research. Finally, the committee considered House Bill 630 and House Bill 631, both rules-to-statute bills sponsored by Representative Schurz. HB 630 would codify the airborne shooting of coyotes, wolves, and other predatory animals, and HB 631 would move agricultural certificates of free sale from rule into statute. Both bills were moved and approved by the committee for a do-pass recommendation to the floor. The meeting ended with recognition of the committee page, Kaylyn, who spoke about learning to advocate for agriculture, and she was presented with a flag flown over the Capitol, a governor-signed certificate, and a necklace before adjournment.

Transcript Highlights:

• And we therefore request interests.
• We will include language that the budget department of budget and finance due diligence must be completed
• We will include language that the budget department of budget and finance due diligence must be completed
• </c> We will include language that the budget We will include language that the budget department<01:
• ><01:26:37.120><c> due</c> department of budget and finance due department of budget and finance due

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The joint Senate committees heard HB 108 HD2, which would allow direct shipment of beer and distilled spirits by certain licensees and require liquor commissions to adopt rules. Most testimony came from craft brewers and distillers in support, who said the bill would help small and fragile producers reach customers, move limited or specialty products that wholesalers do not carry, and maintain relationships with visitors after they leave Hawaii. Supporters also argued that direct-to-consumer shipping would not meaningfully increase underage access because common carriers age-gate deliveries and require adult signatures, and that the measure would supplement rather than replace the three-tier system. Opposition came from the Hawaii Food Industry Association and the Hawaii Liquor Wholesalers Association, which said the bill could create problems with minor access and tax revenue and would allow out-of-state manufacturers to ship directly to Hawaii households. Supporters responded that similar concerns were raised when wine direct shipping was adopted and said the existing shipping and reporting systems can track and tax these sales. Several witnesses, including Maui Brewing, Ola Brew, Koloa Rum, Hana Rum, Koulana Rumworks, Koval Distillery, and the Brewers Association, described their small-batch operations, limited distribution options, and the potential for direct shipping to expand sales and jobs. Committee members questioned witnesses about underage access, tax collection, and the impact on the three-tier system. One witness discussed efforts to protect and potentially scale the Hawaiian spirit Okolehao through geographic and sourcing rules. The transcript does not show a final vote or disposition on HB 108 HD2 in the excerpt provided.