Video & Transcript Research : 'legislative study'

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NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

House Executive Departments and Administration (04/15/2026)

Executive Departments and Administration

Transcript Highlights:
  • I urge the committee to recommend an expedient to legislate or, at a minimum, interim study.
  • commission, not final legislation.
  • commission, not final to create a study commission, not final legislation.<00:44:13.480> So legislation
  • So legislation.
  • Rochefort for putting this legislation Rochefort for putting this legislation in<02:49:45.520>
Keywords: 1189, house, all
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Conference Committee on SF3045 5/9/25

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:21:02.720> studies<00:21:03.120> who<00:21:03.360> the legislative studies who
  • the legislative studies who the appropriations<00:21:04.159> should<00:21:04.320> be<00
  • Senate pertaining to the legislative Senate pertaining to the legislative auditor.<00:21:54.640>
  • c><00:22:08.960> to require the legislative auditor to require the legislative auditor to submit
  • minority members of legislative minority members of legislative committees<00:22:14.000> every
Keywords: 1183, house
FL

Florida 2026 4th Special Session

January 22, 2026 - 10:30 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • This legislation directs FDLE to provide security to major party nominees for governor and Lieutenant
  • This local bill was heard during our legislative delegation meeting in October.
  • Do each and every one of the commissioners in your county support this legislation?
  • I think this is responsible legislation. I'm being honest. And why do I say that?
  • It's common sense legislation. With that, I ask for your support.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • It's happened for carrying this legislation. I'm Supervisor Jackie Speier.
  • We are in support of payment in full and a legislative fix.
  • We did a decent number of studies to identify the viability of that.
  • Natalie Gonzalez with the Legislative Analyst's Office.
  • We routinely review legislation and provide input to authors who have pending legislation that they want
Summary: The hearing began with a vote-only agenda and then focused first on San Mateo County’s request to restore in-lieu vehicle license fee (VLF) funding. County officials, city leaders, labor representatives, nonprofits, and public safety advocates argued that the loss of roughly $157 million would force major cuts to homelessness services, housing assistance, mental health programs, libraries, parks, fire and police staffing, and other local services. They described the current formula as outdated and unfair, tied to school funding and basic-aid dynamics that no longer work for San Mateo County, and urged both an immediate budget restoration and a permanent legislative fix. The Department of Finance said the payments are discretionary, not statutorily required, and noted the administration does not view the expenditure as sustainable in the current fiscal climate. Committee members expressed sympathy, questioned the formula, and said they would keep the issue under consideration; the committee later voted to move the two vote-only items on the agenda. The committee then received an update from the Department of General Services on state property redevelopment, including the Hillcrest DMV site in San Diego, the Fell Street DMV site in San Francisco, and other state-owned properties. DGS explained that Hillcrest is not currently an active project, while the Fell Street project shifted from an integrated DMV-housing plan to a more feasible relocation of the DMV into leased commercial space, with a budget change proposal pending. Members pressed DGS on the slow pace of redevelopment, the potential for housing on state sites, and the costs and feasibility of adaptive reuse. DGS said many state buildings are aging and that adaptive reuse depends heavily on building design, floorplate depth, light, and risk from unknown conditions behind walls. The Government Operations portion then turned to the California Education Learning Lab, which supports intersegmental higher education innovation grants. The Lab asked for permanent restoration of $4 million in ongoing funding and a move of its home agency from the Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation to GovOps, along with technical trailer bill changes. Supporters said the program has funded more than 120 projects reaching thousands of faculty and hundreds of thousands of students, including work on generative AI in higher education. The Legislative Analyst’s Office recommended rejecting the restoration and continuing the wind-down, citing the state’s projected deficit and suggesting the California Education Interagency Council could pursue non-state-funded grant opportunities instead. The committee held the item open. Finally, GovOps presented the new California Education Interagency Council staffing request, seeking four ongoing positions to support the council, with funding already included in last year’s budget. The department said the governor has appointed Debbie Cochran as executive officer and that the remaining positions are being recruited. Finance and LAO had no objections, and the committee began questions about how the council will be staffed and organized.
AL

Alabama 2025 Regular Session

Alabama House Education Policy Committee Feb 5th, 2025

Education Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • Those on Ways and Means have been part of the commission with the Senate Ways and Means to study our
  • Ways and Means to study our funding formula, and I decided that our Education Policy Committee should
  • But there's a lot of study that needs to be done. but there's a lot of study that needs to be done, a
  • Smith: I believe that was the Augenblick study that was done in 2015.
  • We will have our first meeting with... have our first meeting with legislation next week.
Keywords: 1136, house, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • I study this technology, I study how it affects the economy, and the design of public policy to govern
  • He won't be the last unless legislation is passed.
  • He won't be the last unless legislation is passed.
  • I agree with you, and this is why, for things like digital replica legislation, legislation supporting
  • Then legislation becomes a backstop for the rare cases that slip through.
Summary: The Senate Judiciary Committee and Assembly Privacy and Consumer Protection Committee held an informational hearing at Stanford on the intersection of artificial intelligence, copyright, transparency, and California’s creative economy. Chairs and members emphasized that the hearing was not on a specific bill and no vote would be taken. Opening remarks framed the issue as balancing protection for artists and other rights holders with the need to keep AI innovation and related economic activity thriving in California, while noting that federal action is unlikely and that state policy may influence national standards. The first panel featured Professor Pamela Samuelson and Stanford researcher Rishi Bommasani. Samuelson reviewed the current copyright litigation landscape, including dozens of lawsuits over AI training, and explained the fair use framework, the Google Books precedent, and the uncertainty around newer theories such as market dilution. She said states can likely regulate transparency, deepfakes, privacy, and safety, but warned that some proposals may be preempted by federal copyright law. Bommasani described widespread opacity around training data among major California AI companies, discussed AB 2013 and the EU AI Act as transparency models, and identified gaps in disclosure design, enforcement, and whether transparency alone can address copyright and IP concerns. Members asked about open-source models, opt-outs, machine unlearning, user data, and state options for protecting creators. The second panel included SAG-AFTRA board member Jason George, Animation Guild president Danny Lynn, and OpenAI copyright counsel Mark Gray. George and Lynn argued that AI training on performers’ and artists’ work without consent or compensation threatens jobs, bargaining power, and reputations, and they supported stronger transparency and licensing requirements so creators can identify when their work is used. Gray said AI is already being used as a productivity tool and highlighted partnerships between AI companies and publishers, record labels, and studios, while arguing that specific harmful uses such as deepfakes should be regulated directly rather than restricting general-purpose AI development. Committee members discussed labeling and watermarking of AI-generated content, transparency around model use, and whether state law should require more detailed disclosure of training data; no formal action was taken.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

03/26/2026 - Senate Floor Session

Arizona Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Legislative proclamation: City of Coolidge centennial celebration.
  • This is a legislative proclamation honoring Pre-born Day of Rights.
  • And so ...want to have a certain piece of legislation heard.
  • It sunsets in five years, and there's going to be a study committee.
  • We've had the opportunity as legislators to feast...
Keywords: 1182, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

House Criminal Justice and Public Safety (05/23/2025)

Criminal Justice and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • considered in later legislation. Okay. considered in later legislation. Okay.
  • for New Hampshire and all legislators. for New Hampshire and all legislators.
  • And over the study that I it okay?
  • discussed um nowhere in the legislation discussed um nowhere in the legislation uh<01:13:02.400>
  • that's really worthy of of legislation. that's really worthy of of legislation.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • These are policies Chris and I work on every legislative session.
  • Our ordinance, as well as the potential for future legislation, they implemented their own defensible
  • And I've seen some interesting studies pop up even around things like dead and dying trees, where some
  • Would absolutely love to see some type of a staff training program for the legislative staff on what
  • The study was funded by Cal Fire, and it used Cal Fire data.
Summary: The hearing focused on lessons from the 2017 Tubbs Fire and how Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, and local partners have changed wildfire prevention, recovery, and rebuilding practices since then. Assemblymembers emphasized that the region has become a model for the state, with a shift from suppression to prevention, and panelists described improvements in defensible space, home hardening, vegetation management, alerting, and community coordination. The discussion also highlighted the continuing importance of sharing Sonoma County’s experience with other wildfire-impacted communities across California and beyond. Fire officials and local leaders described specific prevention measures now in place, including Santa Rosa’s vegetation management ordinance, ignition-free/Zone Zero requirements in rebuilding, restrictions on certain mulches, removal of dead and dying trees near roads and defensible space zones, and expanded prescribed burning authority. They also stressed the importance of community organization through block captains, Firewise/COPE-style networks, and the Mark West Area Community Fund. Speakers said these networks helped residents navigate recovery, avoid fraud and bad contractors, coordinate with local agencies, and support neighbors, but they argued that such efforts need more formal structure and stable funding. Water and permitting officials discussed how the fires changed their work. Santa Rosa Water described new regional coordination, generator and backup power upgrades, emergency training, and lessons learned about wildfire-related contamination in water systems, including the need to restore pressure, flush, and test quickly after a fire. Permit Sonoma said rebuilding was balanced by streamlining permits while still requiring safer, more resilient construction, and noted that reduced fees and one-stop permitting helped speed recovery. United Policyholders described helping residents maximize insurance proceeds, organize information, and avoid scams, while warning that insurance availability and affordability remain major barriers and that insurers are increasingly rewarding risk-reduction measures. Across the panels, the main policy requests were for faster and more flexible grant processes, more stable long-term funding for prevention and community programs, stronger support for home hardening and defensible space, better training and tools for local governments and legislative staff, and continued attention to insurance and utility-related resilience. No formal votes or actions were taken in the transcript excerpt; the hearing was informational and ended with a transition toward public comment and further discussion of remaining statewide wildfire policy needs.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

02/23/2026 - House Rules

Rules

Transcript Highlights:
  • The results of these studies are reported to the Commission and become part of the process for future
  • And currently every three years the Commission requires power companies to study and make one of these
  • The results of these studies are reported to the Commission and become part of the process for future
  • Just to note, I've been on NERU now for five years and have attempted to legislate in this area a little
  • Chairman, when I was in law school, we studied the issue, and it appears that schools, for example, have
Keywords: 1182, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Edfin Committee Meeting - 2026-03-26

Education Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • uh uh overstating it, having legislative uh uh overstating it, having legislative action<00:08:53.360
  • Studies have shown time on social media.
  • Education Minnesota's studies, uh, recruitment and retention on an ongoing basis.
  • I think we as legislators down here need to make sure when we're passing legislation that we are thinking
  • <01:17:14.680> are the barriers cited in that study are the barriers cited in that study are
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

High Subsidy Transit Routes report 2/18/26

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • This study then, as the chair mentioned, is a product of the transportation bill in 2025.
  • This study then uh our transit system.
  • Um, so the last piece of the legislation was to estimate the...
  • Uh high subsidy tabulated in this study.
  • Um and I mean this is a first stab study Um and I mean this is a first stab study and<00:53:58.720
Keywords: 919, house, all
Summary: The committee heard a Met Council report from Charles Carlson on high-subsidy transit route analysis required by the transportation bill. Carlson explained that the study uses per-passenger operating subsidy, compares routes by type and service day, and is intended to help providers improve cost-effectiveness while recognizing transit’s importance for access, affordability, safety, and the region’s economy. He noted that routes more than 60% above peer averages are considered the highest-subsidy tier, and that the report also estimates the cost of Metro Mobility associated with those routes. Members asked several questions about why contracted service can cost less than directly operated service, whether contracting affects wages, union membership, or service quality, and why the Met Council targets about 20% of regular route service for contracting. Carlson said contracted service can be cheaper because of lower overhead and other market factors, that the council sets minimum wage and service-quality requirements in contracts, and that customers should not notice a quality difference. He also said the 20% target is meant to balance cost-effective service, geography, and a mix of providers, and that some routes may become more cost-effective with more frequent service depending on local demand. Carlson reported that in 2024, 206 of 264 routes met guidelines, 16 were in the lowest intervention tier, 14 in the middle tier, and 28 were in the highest-subsidy tier. He said the regional share of high-subsidy service was about 4.1%, but the share varied widely by provider, with some at 0% and others much higher. He estimated that discontinuing the highest-subsidy routes would save about $23 million annually and up to $72 million in capital costs. For Metro Mobility, he said the cost associated with trips tied to high-subsidy routes rose from about $368,000 in 2023 to about $6.1 million in 2024, largely because the mix of routes triggering federally mandated paratransit service changed, especially in the Shakopee area.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
  • um jelar stands for joint legislative um jelar stands for joint legislative committee<00:20:27.480
  • this is us the office of legislative this is us the office of legislative Services<01:08:10.799>
  • so that might require a legislative so that might require a legislative change<01:50:50.320>
  • <03:55:55.120> from legislation from legislation from 2024<03:55:57.520> this<03:55:58.120
  • the most recent experien study earlier the most recent experien study did<04:30:22.760> not<04
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The committee held an orientation for new and returning members of the House committee on agencies and administration, with introductions from members and staff. Chair Carol Maguire outlined her expectations for hearings: keep questions focused on the bill, be respectful to witnesses, and use the committee’s orientation opportunities to learn about the jail staff, retirement system, and Office of Professional Licensure. Members also discussed related assignments on other bodies, including the Joint Legislative Committee on Administrative Rules and the Joint Committee on Employee Classification, and noted that some members already serve on those panels. A substantial portion of the meeting focused on the State Building Code and the committee’s upcoming workload. Members explained how the state code is intended to provide a common baseline while allowing limited local options, and why municipalities must formally adopt and publish any local amendments. They reviewed several anticipated bills: a consolidation bill to gather building-code enforcement materials in one place, a bill to update the state energy code, a bill to restrict municipal adoption of building-code changes, and a bill to update the electrical code. Members also discussed how building codes apply to older homes and commercial buildings, and why code updates are important for safety and clarity. The chair said the committee had 36 bills currently scheduled, including many early bills that must move by March 6 because they will be heard by two committees. She said the committee would use subcommittees for harder bills, with three subcommittees this year: pensions, licensing, and likely state building code. She also outlined the hearing schedule, including lighter bills on February 12 and the expectation of executive sessions later in the month. No votes were taken during the orientation, but members were told that public hearings do not require a quorum and that hard copies of bills would be distributed by committee staff.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Land & Resource Management May 8th, 2025

Land & Resource Management

Transcript Highlights:
  • The caps that the legislators try to put on property taxes by? Perhaps so.
  • I call it an active study.
  • And again, I would like for y'all to think of this as an active study.
  • Representative Duane Burns started that comprehensive legislation.
  • “Well, I think much of our legislation is done in piecemeal...”
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • That's math, ELA, science, and social studies. That's key. There is a way that there is...
  • Through fourth, that's math, ELA, science, and social studies. That's key.
  • approve, disapprove, or disapprove in part with instructions, any academic standards within 30 legislative
  • We're going to see the social studies standards coming back that have been worked on that are going to
  • We're going to see the social studies standards coming back that have been worked on that are going to
Keywords: 914, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • We are in support of the payment in full and a legislative fix.
  • We are in support of payment in full and a legislative fix.
  • We did a decent number of studies to identify the viability of that.
  • Natalie Gonzalez with the Legislative Analyst's Office.
  • We routinely review legislation and provide input to authors who have pending legislation that they want
Keywords: 988, house, all
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Taxes - 03/26/25

Taxes

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:04:06.080> Uh legislation as a margin of error. Uh legislation as a margin of error.
  • And this legislation is really needed to ensure that the 120-acre development can proceed.
  • And this legislation is really needed to ensure that the 120-acre development can proceed.
  • So when the legislation passed originally, it just said water treatment facility. this.
  • <00:27:25.039> it the legislation passed originally, it the legislation passed originally,
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
MD

Maryland 2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session, 4/13/2026 #3

Maryland House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • And as a Marylander, I say legislation.
  • studying all weekend. studying all weekend.
  • The Senate amendments just make it a study. Oh, it turns it into a study.
  • The Senate amendments just make it a study. Oh, it turns it into a study.
  • <01:19:29.200> intent confusion about the legislative intent confusion about the legislative
Summary: The House convened with prayer, quorum call, and a brief visit from Maryland Comptroller Brooke Lierman, who thanked delegates for their work on the budget and legislation. The chamber then handled several conference committee and Senate messages, including House Bill 153 on residential rental apartment air conditioning requirements. The conference report changed the bill from four to 10 units, removed preemption language, and required existing units with air conditioning to keep it; the report was adopted and the bill passed on third reading with 90 affirmative votes. The House also took up a number of Senate bills on third reading. Among those passed were measures on digital asset and blockchain task force establishment, franchise registration and disclosure law changes, professional licensing portability for foreign service members and spouses, medical cannabis protections for fire and rescue employees, workers’ compensation presumptions for Carroll County correctional deputies, speed monitoring systems approval timing, veterans cemeteries interment, motorcycle safety awareness in driver testing, IT investment fund uses, child care credential funding, school bus fire safety standards, local stop-sign monitoring pilot programs, stalking penalties, divorce records under the Public Information Act, local boards of elections qualifications, local sourcing database creation, and mutual insurance holding company conversions. Most passed overwhelmingly, though several drew notable dissent, including Senate Bills 10, 223, 439, 467, 757, 775, and 877. Members used vote-change time to shift positions on several bills, and the floor leader and committee chairs answered questions on the record. On Senate Bill 10, delegates discussed the bill’s “shot clock” for State Highway Administration responses to local speed camera requests; the chair later clarified that if State Highway does not act within 120 days, approval is deemed granted. On Senate Bill 775, the Judiciary chair explained that the bill requires destruction of firearms in gun buyback programs and serial-number checks to identify stolen or evidentiary firearms, with some firearms potentially returned if stolen. The House also adopted a favorable committee report on Senate Bill 949, which the floor leader said mirrors House Bill 1069 and would allow Maryland to count state-level ballots if federal action prevents counting federal ballots. The chamber also handled an amendment and conference committee process on Senate Bill 141 concerning election misinformation, disinformation, and deep fakes, with the House and Senate appointing conferees after each declined to recede. Several bills were passed by large margins, including Senate Bills 46, 68, 85, 314, 371, 426, 480, 512, 654, 808, 968, and 982, while a few had narrower margins such as Senate Bills 443 and 757. No final adjournment or sine die action occurred in the excerpt.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

April 3, 2025 - 08:00 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • This issue came to me through our legislative delegation at home.
  • , if not identical legislation to this.
  • As you just heard, this legislation is being pushed all over the country.
  • The studies are on file. I didn't fail to warn.
  • I close. did the work, the studies on file, I didn't fail to warn.
Summary: The committee met with a quorum and first postponed CS for HB 781 at the sponsor’s request. It then heard and passed CS for HB 429, which codifies the existing process for terminating or cancelling motor vehicle dealer franchises and requires manufacturers to provide written sales and service performance criteria; the bill was supported by the Florida Automobile Dealers Association and was reported favorably 12-0. The committee next took up HB 983 on homeowners associations, where the sponsor described HOA fraud and abuse concerns and proposed expanding local law enforcement authority to investigate, inspect, and audit HOAs, easing recall procedures, and allowing prevailing-party attorney’s fees in recall disputes. Two amendments were adopted: one removing constitutionality-problematic Kaufman language, and another defining financial statements more comprehensively to improve HOA transparency. The bill drew support from Miami-Dade County and the Miami-Dade Sheriff’s Office and was reported favorably as amended 14-0. The committee also passed CS for HB 1343 on public nuisance abatement fines, which raises daily fines from $250 to $500, removes the $15,000 cap, adjusts foreclosure timing on unpaid nuisance liens, and allows attorney-fee calculations to include legal assistance time. Members discussed due process and notice concerns, and the sponsor said he would work on clarifying notice for both owners and nuisance-causing parties; the Orange County Sheriff’s Office supported the measure, citing violent crime tied to nuisance properties. CS for HB 643 on residual market insurers was then reported favorably without discussion. CS for HB 1183 on cybersecurity incident liability followed; it would shield government and private entities from liability if they substantially comply with cybersecurity standards, with the sponsor explaining that the bill was revised after a prior veto to define substantial compliance through policy letters, disaster recovery planning, and multi-factor authentication. Despite concerns about the breadth of the liability protection, the committee adopted an amendment and reported the bill favorably 13-1. PCS for HB 915, addressing advertisements for representation services, was also reported favorably 14-0. The bill targets misleading advertising by nonlawyers and notaries, especially in immigration-related services, requiring clear bilingual disclosures and allowing damages, fees, and injunctive relief for violations; it was supported by faith-based and civil rights groups. CS for HB 585 on former phosphate mining lands was then approved 14-0; the sponsor said it would create a defense to Water Quality Assurance Act strict liability for naturally occurring substances on former phosphate mine sites, require notice recording, radon surveys, and pre-suit radiation testing, and it would not apply retroactively to pending litigation. HB 6503, a claims bill for Mandy Penny Lemon, was also reported favorably 14-0 after brief sponsor remarks describing her severe injuries and homelessness following a 2018 incident. Finally, the committee considered HB 129 on pesticide-related products liability. A strike-all amendment was adopted that bars failure-to-warn claims for EPA-registered pesticide products when the label is consistent with EPA’s most recent human health risk assessment and carcinogenicity classification, while preserving claims if information was withheld, concealed, misrepresented, or destroyed to obtain or maintain the label. Supporters argued the bill provides certainty and respects EPA’s scientific labeling process; opponents warned it would effectively block access to courts and delay claims until after lengthy EPA investigations. After extensive debate, the committee reported the bill favorably as amended 13-1.
PA

Pennsylvania 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Session (Jun 29 2026)

Pennsylvania Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I believe the bill's legislative history should vouch for its credibility.
  • I believe the bill's legislative history should vouch for its credibility.
  • Not next year, not after another study, not after another election. They deserve a vote now.
  • Not next year, not after another study, not after another election. They deserve a vote now.
  • Last year, the House of Representatives passed legislation to legalize adult-use cannabis.
Summary: The Senate convened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, then received communications recalling it for voting session and referring gubernatorial nominations and a series of Senate and House bills and resolutions to standing committees. Leaves of absence were granted, and the chamber recessed briefly for committee meetings and party caucuses before reconvening. On the floor, the Senate unanimously agreed to House Bill 1102 and later passed Senate Bill 1133 and Senate Bill 1303 by 50-0 votes. Several measures were set aside to their proper place in the calendar or re-referred, including Senate Bill 1182 and House Bill 928 to Appropriations. The Senate also adopted multiple amendments to Senate Bill 1372, including a technical amendment from Senator Brooks, an amendment offered on behalf of Senator Loughlin, and Senator Fontana’s amendment requiring carbon monoxide detectors in child care facilities; after amendment, Senate Bill 1372 was held over. The chamber adopted Senate Resolution 326 urging a posthumous Medal of Honor for Major Richard Winters. During petitions and remonstrances, Senator Tartaglione urged action to raise Pennsylvania’s minimum wage, noting it has been 20 years since the last increase. Senator Dush honored Colonel James C. Harding on his birthday, highlighting his military service and decorations. Senator Street introduced a discharge resolution to force consideration of adult-use cannabis legalization, arguing the issue has bipartisan support and should receive a vote. Senator Dush also delivered extended remarks on the Founders, John Adams, religion, and the Constitution. Committee reports followed, including Appropriations reporting Senate Bills 1061, 1182, and 1303 as committed and House Bill 2400 as amended, and Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure reporting House Bill 2426 as committed. The Senate then considered supplemental calendars, adopting an amendment to Senate Bill 1182 and passing Senate Bill 1303 on final passage, both by 50-0 votes. The chamber was also notified of upcoming committee meetings, and it recessed until June 30, 2026, at 11 a.m., unless recalled sooner.