Video & Transcript Research : 'judicial rules'

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MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Capital Investment - 02/04/25

Capital Investment

Transcript Highlights:
  • There was also a weapon screening installed at the Judicial Center a few years ago.
  • requirements or general requirements for jails that have been codified here, some in statute and some in rule
  • statute<01:13:44.159> and<01:13:44.280> some<01:13:44.520> in<01:13:45.080> rule
  • c><01:13:46.080> um<01:13:46.560> that<01:13:46.800> that statute and some in rule
  • um that that statute and some in rule um that that frankly<01:13:48.000> you<01:13:48.080>
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
Summary: The committee first heard from the Minnesota Department of Administration on the governor’s capital budget requests. Commissioner Tamara Grundal described the state’s deferred maintenance backlog, saying Minnesota owns more than 4,800 buildings across 19 agencies, with an estimated replacement value of $11.2 billion and about $2.2 billion in deferred maintenance. She urged continued bonding support for asset preservation, CAPRA emergency repair funding, Capitol Complex security upgrades recommended by the ACAS advisory committee, and a budget-neutral account to help leverage federal funds for renewable energy storage and electric vehicle projects at state facilities. Members asked follow-up questions about prior security spending and CAPRA use. The commissioner said some 2018 security funds were used for items such as bollards, projectile-resistant glass, key card readers, and security kiosks, but specific details would be provided offline. On CAPRA, staff said recent projects included public safety upgrades, correctional facility repairs, water main and sewer work, roof repairs, lift station repairs, and boiler and steam trap replacements. The commissioner said the account has recently been used heavily, with about $1.9 million remaining, and estimated a typical target range of roughly $3 million to $5 million based on past spending and expected emergencies. A staffer said they did not know whether bonds had been issued ahead of time to fund the reserve and would follow up. The committee then heard from the Department of Public Safety on BCA capital projects. Commissioner Bob Jacobson and Superintendent Drew Evans said the governor’s proposal includes a new Southern BCA regional office and laboratory in Mankato, expansion of BCA regional office and lab space, and a new Minnesota State Patrol headquarters using trunk highway cash. Evans said the Mankato project is needed because of growth in DNA analysis, digital evidence, controlled substances, cyber tips, and sexual assault kit testing, and because the current St. Paul facility is over capacity. He said the new regional facility would improve turnaround times, reduce travel for scientists and law enforcement, support training, and improve evidence intake and crime scene response in southern Minnesota. Senator Pappas questioned the increase in the Mankato project cost from about $48 million to $68.6 million. Evans said the increase was driven by rising construction costs and additional specialized laboratory and support-space needs identified during design work with the Department of Administration. No votes or formal actions were taken during the portion of the meeting provided.
CO

Colorado 2026 Regular Session

Colorado House 2026 Legislative Day 021 Feb 3rd, 2026

Colorado House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • No system that claims to uphold the rule No system that claims to uphold the rule of<01:48:10.719
  • rule of law. law. law.
  • And for the current administration, there are no rules. Rules don’t seem to be applied.
  • to there are no rules.
  • Rules don't seem to there are no rules. Rules don't seem to be<03:22:03.680> applied.
Keywords: 981, all
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

JHA Public Hearing - Thu Mar 13, 2025 @ 2:00 PM HST

Judiciary & Hawaiian Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Don't touch our culture, making rules. This is our rules. This is our home. This is our land.
  • <00:19:42.440> this<00:19:42.640> is<00:19:42.919> our rules this is our rules this
  • These rules need to be available; they need to be searchable.
  • I think this is a county rule, so I will be voting no. Any other comments?
  • I think this is a county rule, so I will be voting no. county rule so I will be voting no okay county
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The committee met on March 13, 2025, and took up several firearms and fireworks measures. On SB 227, which would create an illegal fireworks enforcement division in the Department of Law Enforcement and appropriate funds, DLE supported the bill, saying fireworks enforcement has become a full-time job requiring dedicated staff rather than a collateral-duty task force. Members discussed whether the bill and the related task force bill were both needed; DLE said yes, explaining that the new division would provide full-time state employees while the task force funding covers interagency costs such as transportation, storage, overtime, and personnel. Testimony on SB 227 was reported as 12 in support and 6 in opposition. On SB 222, which would fund the illegal fireworks task force and extend its sunset to June 30, 2030, DLE and the Honolulu Police Department supported the measure, emphasizing continued enforcement pressure and interagency coordination. An opponent from the Libertarian Party of Hawaii argued the bill was a waste of time, criticized fireworks prohibition as cultural overreach, and performed a song in opposition. Representative Shimizu asked about results from the extra enforcement effort, and DLE said enforcement has driven up street prices and made investors think twice, which they described as a goal of pricing people out of the market. The chair reported 13 testimonies in support and 6 in opposition. The committee then heard SB 1324, a more comprehensive fireworks bill that would revise definitions and penalties, create first- and second-degree fireworks offenses, add infractions, and increase penalties for serious injury or death. DLE and the Attorney General strongly supported it, saying the bill would improve enforcement, address black-market activity, and help prosecutors when fireworks have already exploded and evidence is destroyed. The Public Defender opposed the bill, arguing existing laws already punish these offenses and that the real issue is enforcement; the office also raised constitutional concerns about the bill’s concurrent civil infraction and criminal trial process. Honolulu Police supported the bill, while the Honolulu Prosecutor’s Office said the alternative definitions would help in cases involving exploded versus seized fireworks. The chair noted 17 testimonies in support, 7 in opposition, and 3 comments, and members discussed whether the bill could be amended to address the public defender’s concerns. The committee also began hearing SB 308, which would expand the state’s magazine-capacity restrictions to firearms with detachable magazines over 30 rounds, with a grandfathering provision for certain magazines obtained before January 1, 2026. DLE supported the bill as a fair balance that would grandfather existing magazines while preventing new high-capacity acquisitions. Opposition testimony from Jerry Yuan of the Pool, Oil, Rifle, and Pistol Club argued the proposal was another shifting restriction and opposed magazine bans generally. The hearing continued with additional testimony not fully captured in the excerpt.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Appropriations - S/C on Article III Feb 25th, 2025

Appropriations - S/C on Article III

Transcript Highlights:
  • , alleviating the financial burden. financial burden of higher education on our students through judicious
Keywords: 1184, house, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session 3/3/25

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I rise under House Rules 3.21.
  • The chair: I am ruling that the point of order is not well taken.
  • that the point of discussion I am ruling that the point of order order order is<00:31:27.559> is<
  • <00:36:57.599> within jurisdiction and in fact by rule within jurisdiction and in fact by
  • rule within the<00:36:58.359> jurisdiction<00:36:59.359> of<00:36:59.520> the<00
Keywords: 1183, house
NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

House Criminal Justice and Public Safety (01/14/2026)

Criminal Justice and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • <01:10:53.920> are only those who ignore the rules are only those who ignore the rules are
  • Are are you sure on that<01:44:10.400> rule? that rule? that rule?
  • are up to rule or not. not. not.
  • there was such a ruling? there was such a ruling?
  • So, it's been ruled, uh, this Rohrabacher amendment has been ruled in the Ninth Circuit of the United
Keywords: 1189, house, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Finance (04/29/2025)

Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • Did it include the Judicial Branch's temporary housing program?
  • Then we'll need to work either to move those into rules, increase them, or do it a different way.
  • Then we'll need to work either to move those into rules, increase them, or do it a different way.
  • Then we'll need to work either to move those into rules, increase them, or do it a different way.
  • So do by rules, some you come to fiscal.
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

House Education Policy and Administration (02/04/2026)

Education Policy and Administration

Transcript Highlights:
  • So the state board repealed the rule, the emergency authorization rule, but then we have this statute
  • <00:07:44.400> So administrative rule used to say. So administrative rule used to say.
  • authorization in administrative rule. authorization in administrative rule. legal<00:07:58.720><
  • field was used to for years in rule. field was used to for years in rule.
  • school pathway and has different rules. school pathway and has different rules.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
AL

Alabama 2026 Regular Session

Alabama House Jan 15th, 2026

Alabama House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Are there any objections to suspending the rules? Hearing none, the rules are suspended. Mr.
  • .<00:42:35.599> So rules.
  • So rules.
  • Uh, the rules, bit slightly different.
  • <01:42:14.080> and that something if that the rules and that something if that the rules and
Keywords: 1136, house, all
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Thursday, January 9, 2025)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • thereof pursuant to Clause one of rule thereof pursuant to Clause one of rule one<00:06:41.360><
  • postponed pursuant to Clause 12a of rule postponed pursuant to Clause 12a of rule one<01:16:32.000
  • table pursuant to Clause eight of rule table pursuant to Clause eight of rule 20<02:20:01.240>
  • All of the Republicans voted to change the rules. Well, we had two senators.
  • <05:33:06.638> about Supreme Court made a ruling about Supreme Court made a ruling about discriminating
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Transportation - 03/16/26

Transportation

Transcript Highlights:
  • And in accordance with the rules of the Senate, the following members will be participating remotely
  • We changed a little bit what some of the criteria was, or I'm sorry, some of the rules regarding how
  • We changed a little bit what some of the criteria was, or I'm sorry, some of the rules regarding how
  • Driver's education teaches critical skills that go far beyond memorizing rules for the test.
  • Skills like managing rules for the test.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Legislative Commission on Pensions and Retirement - 04/14/26

Minnesota Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • The rules change Well, I don't know.
  • The rules change monthly<01:18:21.200> whether<01:18:21.400> you<01:18:21.480> have<
  • So, if they didn't make election, they go under the old 50 rule instead of staying at 55, but that's
  • So, if they didn't make election, they go under the old 50 rule instead of staying at 55, but that's
  • So, if they didn't make election, they go under the old 50 rule instead of staying at 55, but that's
Keywords: 918, senate, all
Summary: The Legislative Commission on Pensions and Retirement met on April 14, 2026, adopted the April 7 minutes, and then took up Senate File 4464, which the chair said would be laid over after hearing testimony. The bill would restore continued health insurance coverage for police officers and firefighters in the PERA Police and Fire Fund who suffer documented physical duty-related injuries, addressing the current 5-year cap and the loss of coverage at normal retirement eligibility. Senator Hal Hoffman and Senator Hoffman’s testimony emphasized that the bill is a narrow fix for injured public safety workers and not a broader restructuring of retirement benefits. Supporters, including Mike Ladue of Law Enforcement Labor Services, several injured officers, Sheriff Ryan Kruger, and Amber Waldner, described the personal and family impacts of severe line-of-duty injuries and argued that coverage should continue to age 65 so families are not left with uncertainty if injuries worsen or force medical retirement. They said the bill would honor the promise made to public safety workers and provide stability for long-term care needs. One witness, Officer Albert, said the 2025 changes significantly reduced the protection he believed he and his family would have if his injury forced retirement. Anne Finn of the League of Minnesota Cities opposed the bill as drafted, warning that restoring coverage to age 65 for all physical injuries would be fiscally unsustainable without additional state funding. She said the 2025 pension changes were part of a negotiated package, noted that duty disability retirements are common, and argued the employer cost could reach about $500,000 per employee and create significant property tax pressure, especially for smaller communities. She urged the committee to work on a broader solution and said revisiting only one part of the 2025 law would create imbalance.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session 4/25/25 - Part 2

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Speaker, under supplemental agreement rule 13.3, if a question of germaneness is ruled under House Rule
  • If you think following the rules is important, follow the rules.
  • We are here to interpret rules. This is a very plain rule.
  • . ruling. ruling.
  • We have adopted a rule. We govern here. We have adopted a rule.
Keywords: 1183, house
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

JHA Public Hearing - Wed Feb 18, 2026 @ 2:00 PM HST

Judiciary & Hawaiian Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:31:08.000> making it's implemented to ensure rule making it's implemented to ensure rule
  • But looking back at the rules, I do see that the rules also need to be updated.
  • I I do see back looking at the rules I I do see that<01:54:13.679> the<01:54:13.840> rules
  • that the rules also needs to be updated. that the rules also needs to be updated.
  • Two, and rules adopted under this part.
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The committee heard testimony on HB 1790 HD1, which would require law enforcement and oversight agencies to collect and report data on stops, use of force, and complaints to the Hawaii Crime Lab, which would publish incident-level information and annual reports. Supporters, including the Office of the Public Defender, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the ACLU of Hawaii, Hawaii Justice Rising, and the Policing Project, said the bill would improve transparency, help identify disparities, and support better policy and accountability. OHA requested amendments to ensure Hawaiians are identified as a distinct category in the data, and the University of Hawaii’s Ashley Rubin said the Crime Lab would work with agencies to make implementation as seamless as possible. The Department of Law Enforcement supported the bill’s intent but asked for a longer timeline and culturally appropriate methodology, while HPD opposed the bill as written, saying it would require too many new data points, create a significant administrative burden, and rely on subjective perceptions of race and ethnicity; HPD also noted it is piloting an e-citation system that could help with data collection. Committee members questioned HPD about current manual processes and technology options. The chair reported 18 testimonies total: 15 in support, one in opposition, and two with comments, and no vote was taken in the excerpt. The committee then heard HB 1611 HD1, which would phase down the general excise tax on groceries and nonprescription drugs until a full exemption takes effect in 2034. The Department of Taxation offered technical recommendations, including clearer definitions for groceries and nonprescription drugs and a technical change regarding the county surcharge exemption. Supporters, including the Hawaii Public Health Institute and the Hawaii Food Industry Association, argued the GET on groceries is regressive and worsens food insecurity, especially for low-income households, and said the bill would provide needed relief. The Tax Foundation of Hawaii offered technical concerns, including a possible wholesale-tax enforcement issue once the exemption is fully phased in. The excerpt ends during testimony on HB 1611, with no final committee action shown.
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Health and Human Services (02/05/2025)

Health and Human Services

Keywords: 1191, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Higher Education Finance and Policy Committee 2/26/26

Higher Education Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • education's role in our democracy for 250 years: human dignity, academic freedom, social mobility, and the rule
  • even including the incident that began at Augsburg University, simply they were demanding to see a judicial
  • Uh, and we have campus rules around that as well. Representative Scott.
Keywords: 1183, house
Summary: The committee adopted the minutes from its February 24, 2026 meeting after a motion by Vice Chair Coulter. The hearing then focused on the impact of federal immigration enforcement, referred to throughout as Operation Metro Surge, on Minnesota college campuses. The chair said the purpose was to document alleged abuses, campus fear, and racial discrimination, and to hear from testifiers about effects on students, faculty, and staff. Representative Novotny briefly objected to the framing, saying the committee should be finding facts rather than making a predetermined presentation, and the chair responded that members should remain respectful and that questions would be held until after all presenters testified. Augsburg University President Paul Pribbenow described what he called relentless and unprecedented disruption, including student stops and interrogations, family separations, and an ICE operation on campus in which armed masked agents allegedly detained a student without a warrant and pointed weapons at students and staff. He said the campus received bomb threats afterward, increased virtual learning options, and saw spikes in student support needs, housing assistance, and leaves of absence. Jenna Chernega of the Inter Faculty Organization said faculty across Minnesota State universities reported widespread student and colleague stress, increased workload, disappearing students, and a need for clearer sensitive-location protections and academic freedom guidance. Mark Grant of Minnesota State College Faculty said community conditions inevitably affect classrooms, that campuses have not yet had an ICE incident but are bracing for one, and that faculty want to support students and may need financial help if enrollment declines. Jennifer Irwin of AFSCME said fear from ICE activity extends beyond campus boundaries and is affecting attendance, work, and daily life for staff and students; she cited a member detained in St. Paul while trying to prove legal status. Student testifiers Brendan Frazier of Concordia University, St. Paul, Jonathan Fitzgerald of Minnesota State Mankato, Sudi Adow of Lead MN, and Will Luther of the University of Minnesota Twin Cities described panic, reduced attendance, food insecurity, disrupted classes, and fear of leaving home or commuting to campus. They urged stronger student privacy protections, support for international and immigrant students, emergency aid, and policies to keep campuses safe. No further committee action or votes were taken after the minutes approval.
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

JHA Public Hearing - Wed Mar 12, 2025 @ 2:00 PM HST

Judiciary & Hawaiian Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • oligarch or<00:21:10.039> a<00:21:10.200> king<00:21:10.480> to<00:21:10.640> rule
  • c> we<00:21:11.799> know<00:21:12.120> that<00:21:12.400> we or a king to rule
  • them we know that we or a king to rule them we know that we fight<00:21:13.080> every<00:21:13.440
  • The bill's proposal to establish time limits for the disposition of judicial proceedings is very likely
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The House Committee on Judiciary and Hawaiian Affairs met on March 12, 2025, and heard testimony on several election-related and governance measures. On SB 176, relating to recounts, the Office of Elections supported clarifying that recount triggers should be based on the final Election Day report rather than the 6:00 a.m. next-day report, citing a 2022 recount example. The chair noted 3 testimonies in support, 42 in opposition, and 1 comment. On SB 1337, relating to the Stadium Authority, the authority supported changing quorum rules so only voting members count, explaining that the current interpretation makes it difficult to conduct business; written testimony from DBEDT was also received. On SB 289, relating to ethics administrative fines, the Ethics Commission supported uniform procedures to resolve uncontested enforcement matters more quickly while preserving due process; written support was also noted. The committee then heard SB 311, a proposed constitutional amendment on freedom of speech and money in elections. Supporters, including Community Alliance on Prisons, Our Revolution Hawaii, Pride at Work Hawaii, Common Cause Hawaii, and others, argued that money in politics distorts democracy and that the amendment would help prevent wealthy interests from buying influence. Opponents, including the Hawaii Christian Coalition and individual testifiers, argued that changing the constitution was too serious, that the proposal should be handled by ordinary legislation instead, and that the measure could create legal conflict. Deputy Attorney General Candace Park said the bill would only matter if key federal cases such as Buckley and Citizens United were overturned, and the chair thanked her for the legal input. The committee also heard SB 780, relating to election ballot disqualification, which would exclude candidates disqualified by constitutional or statutory provisions and create procedures for challenges. Opposition testimony said the bill would undermine voter choice, burden courts and election officials, and invite misuse; the Hawaii Christian Coalition echoed those concerns. Members raised questions about whether the measure would apply only to state and county offices, and the Attorney General’s office said it would follow up. Finally, on SB 1030, relating to election intimidation, supporters said firearms should not be brought near polling places or ballot drop boxes, while opponents argued the bill was unnecessary and could affect lawful possession; the committee received 12 testimonies, with 39 in support. The committee then began SB 1225, a proposed constitutional amendment changing the vote threshold for legislative amendments to a majority of votes tallied, excluding blanks, spoiled ballots, and overvotes; testimony in support was heard from the LGBTQ+ Commission and others, and the discussion was still underway when the excerpt ended.
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Tuesday, June 24, 2025)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • The rule provides one structured rule.
  • rule.
  • The rule provides under a closed rule.
  • The rule of 2025 under a closed rule.
  • The rule provides under a closed rule.
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

CPC Public Hearing - Thu Feb 26, 2026 @ 2:00 PM HST

Consumer Protection & Commerce

Transcript Highlights:
  • DCCA, please go make some rules in...
  • <00:38:42.720> in DCCA, please go make some rules in consultation with the industry about
  • clearly governed by the same rules as solar contractors going and selling. >> Because oftentimes the
  • clearly governed by the same rules as solar contractors going and selling.
  • clearly governed by the same rules as solar contractors going and selling.
Summary: The committee on Consumer Protection and Commerce met on February 26, 2026, and heard several bills, mostly in the areas of workers’ compensation and consumer protection. HB 1946 HD1 on timeshare registration renewal drew support from DCCA’s timeshare program and major industry groups including Hilton Grand Vacations, the American Resort Development Association, and Marriott Vacations Worldwide, with no opposition noted. HB 1515 HD1, which would allow an attending physician to request a functional capacity examination without employer permission, was supported by DLIR and the Department of Human Resources Development and had no other in-person testimony; the bill was then moved on without questions. The committee spent substantial time on HB 1514 HD1, which would streamline workers’ compensation vocational rehabilitation by clarifying provider selection and requiring vocational plans within 90 days. DLIR supported the intent but asked for amendments, saying the 90-day deadline was too rigid given case-by-case complexity, limited staffing, and the need for coordination among injured workers, employers, and counselors; members discussed possible extensions and whether a 120-day timeline or other flexibility would be better. Testimony on the bill included one individual in support and seven in opposition. HB 1648 HD1, concerning workers’ compensation and physician dispensing of non-prescription drugs, drew support from DHRD and comments from DLIR and industry witnesses. DLIR said the bill should be narrowed so it does not restrict medically necessary over-the-counter medications or oral guidance from providers, while Aloha Billing Company and Solera Integrated Medical Solutions urged tighter limits on physician dispensing and raised concerns about pricing abuse through average wholesale price. Members discussed clarifying the bill’s language so it targets written prescriptions rather than oral advice. HB 1644 HD1, requiring a standardized disclosure form for residential solar contracts, received support from the Hawaii Solar Energy Association and Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative, while DCCA’s Office of Consumer Protection supported the consumer-protection goal but proposed stronger remedies, including a three-day cancellation right, voidability for missing disclosures, and possible lender liability; members questioned how those remedies should apply to lenders, and no vote was taken on the measures in the portion provided.
VT

Vermont 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Session - 2026-05-19 - 1:15PM

Vermont House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • is preliminary ruling, but that ruling is preliminary ruling, but that ruling is not<00:42:34.560
  • Federal government, it follows its rules, not in deference to state rules.
  • the permit, and followed the rules. the permit, and followed the rules.
  • wetlands rules. wetlands rules.
  • They followed the rules. They children. They followed the rules.
Keywords: 926, house, all
Summary: The House returned from recess and took up S. 208, a bill on standards for law enforcement identification. The House Judiciary Committee explained that it had rewritten the bill into a model-policy approach focused on Vermont state and local agencies, rather than imposing direct requirements on all law enforcement, because of constitutional and preemption concerns raised by a recent Ninth Circuit decision. The amended bill would direct the Law Enforcement Advisory Board to develop a statewide policy on officer identification and facial coverings by July 2027, require agencies to adopt a consistent policy by October 1, 2027, and deem agencies to have adopted the model policy if they do not act. The committee reported the bill favorably on a 6-5 vote. Members then debated an amendment offered by Representatives Berbeco and McGill to restore federal officers to the bill. Supporters argued that public authority should not be anonymous, that visible identification is necessary for transparency, accountability, and public trust, and that the bill should apply to federal agents as well as state and local officers. They said the amendment included exemptions for undercover work, tactical teams, protective equipment, and safety concerns, and argued Vermont should not wait for courts to resolve every constitutional question before acting. Opponents on the Judiciary Committee said the language remained likely unconstitutional and could jeopardize the bill’s passage; the committee had found the amendment unfavorable on an 8-1 vote. The floor debate continued with several members speaking in favor of the amendment, including arguments that other states have adopted similar requirements and that Vermont should lead on the issue. One member raised a point of order that was not sustained, and the Speaker ruled federal authority relevant to the question. The transcript ends while debate on the amendment was still underway, after a request for a roll-call vote was granted, with no final floor vote on the amendment shown in the excerpt.