Video & Transcript Research : 'DNA testing'

Page 201 of 419
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

Joint Corporations, Elections & Political Subdivisions, May 22, 2026 - AM

Corporations, Elections & Political Subdivisions

Transcript Highlights:
  • did create a handc count comparison test did create a handc count comparison test that<01:25:42.000
  • But first, let's go ahead and wait for that test for reliability for hand counts.
  • But first, let's go ahead and wait for that test for reliability for hand counts.
  • ,<03:43:43.520> strict court's most demanding test, strict court's most demanding test, strict
  • remediation<03:43:50.000> a the test required remediation a the test required remediation
Keywords: 916, all
NH
Transcript Highlights:
  • We do not means-test public education in New Hampshire, right?
  • We do not means-test public education.
  • public education in New not means test public education in New Hampshire<00:31:41.080> in<00:
  • It's absolutely tragic, and it's not about teaching to the test, right?
  • It's absolutely tragic, and it's not about teaching to the test, right?
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The Education Policy Committee opened a hearing on HB 748, which would establish a local education freedom account (EFA) program. The prime sponsor, Rep. Kevin Verville, described the bill as enabling legislation that would let local voters decide whether to create a local EFA program by petition and ballot vote, with a 60% threshold to approve or repeal it. He argued that public education is about funding rather than a specific school building, said the proposal would expand parental choice, and cited Deerfield’s move from a single high school option to multiple tuitioned options as an example of local flexibility. Verville said the local EFA would be funded at twice the state adequacy amount, with the district matching the state portion, while other aid categories such as free and reduced meals, English language learner, and special education aid would not be doubled. He said students using a local EFA would still count in average daily membership, that unspent EFA funds would revert to the district, and that the bill would prohibit double-dipping with other scholarship or EFA programs. He also said special education services would remain under district discretion and that local EFA participants would still take statewide assessments for accountability. Committee members pressed him on several issues, especially special education, transportation, and fairness. Rep. Woodcock and Rep. Murray asked whether districts would still have to provide special education and transportation services if a student used a local EFA; Verville responded that special education would remain in the local district at district discretion, while transportation would generally become the family’s responsibility unless already required in an IEP. Rep. Cornell raised an equity concern about no income eligibility cap, asking whether higher-income families should receive the same public support; Verville replied that New Hampshire does not means-test public education and that the local EFA is a public funding mechanism, not a tuition subsidy that would cover full private-school costs. No vote or committee action was taken in the portion provided.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Education Finance Committee 3/5/26

Education Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • say they are, um, you can stress test say they are, um, you can stress test them<00:36:25.280>
  • We comply with required state testing.
  • We comply with<01:16:01.040> required<01:16:01.600> state<01:16:01.840> testing.
  • <01:16:02.640> We<01:16:02.800> follow with required state testing.
  • We follow with required state testing.
Summary: The committee first adopted the March 3rd minutes by voice vote after Representative Lee moved them and there was no discussion. Members then reviewed hearing rules on decorum, safety, and participation before taking testimony from Dr. James Densley and Dr. Jillian Peterson of the Violence Prevention Project Research Center at Hamline University. The presenters summarized research on mass shootings and K-12 school shootings, drawing on a database of homicides in school settings from 2000 to 2025 and a smaller set of 15 K-12 mass shooting cases. They said school shooters are usually insiders, most often current or former students, and typically young males. They described common patterns including a noticeable crisis before attacks, perpetrators viewing the shooting as a final act, studying prior shooters online, and “leakage” in which most tell someone in advance. They also emphasized that many perpetrators use unsecured firearms from family members and argued that prevention should combine reporting systems, behavioral threat assessment, counseling, mentoring, secure storage, and other layered interventions rather than rely on a single solution. The presenters also discussed broader violence trends in the Twin Cities, saying much school violence is spillover from community violence and that pandemic-era disruptions and weakened trust in institutions contributed to serious violence. They cited a national survey finding that exposure to gun violence is associated with PTSD, anxiety, depression, and fear of public spaces, especially among young people. During member questions, Representative Wam asked for clarification on the data set and the rural/small-town share of the survey sample.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
  • But there are a lot of groups spending a lot of real money and testing real use cases.
  • Uh, we'll give them a state dollar and maybe we'll test a transaction and send a stablecoin, you know
  • <00:47:28.400> a dollar and maybe we'll test a dollar and maybe we'll test a transaction<00
  • You talked about North Carolina sending a test transaction to where?
  • Are you flexible in the for testing and gas prices?
Keywords: 1189, house, all
Summary: The commission met with a quorum, approved the agenda, and approved the November 12 minutes after a motion, second, and unanimous voice/online consent. The chair said the meeting would include two presentations—one from Noah Herman of Fortress Global and one from John Kicko and team from Hedera—followed by discussion of the commission’s next steps and public comment. The chair also noted he was still seeking a clerk for note-taking. Herman’s presentation focused on stablecoins, blockchain use cases, and operational considerations for states and other institutions. He described Fortress as an enterprise crypto-wallet and treasury platform serving corporates, governments, and nonprofits, and used examples such as Save the Children and a large global commodities firm to illustrate custody and treasury management on blockchain rails. He said stablecoins are designed to maintain a U.S. dollar peg, are increasingly backed by treasuries and subject to greater transparency, and are being adopted by major firms and payment companies because they can improve speed, reduce cost, and simplify payments. He also highlighted market growth, including claims that stablecoins now represent a significant share of on-chain activity and are a major holder of U.S. Treasuries. He identified custody as a key issue for state and institutional use, outlining qualified custody, managed custody, and self-custody models. He said the main practical challenge for the commodities client was moving funds safely and quickly across global time zones and that blockchain rails could solve problems that traditional banking rails could not. He framed the broader trend as one of accelerating institutional adoption, citing recent acquisitions and product launches by Visa, Stripe, Citi, and PayPal as evidence that stablecoin infrastructure is becoming mainstream.
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • National standards for electric vehicle station testing.
  • It's to actually test the fueling stations, if you will, as they are coming into place.
  • He has been part of the national conversation on electric vehicle charging station testing.
  • He has been part of the national conversation on electric vehicle charging station testing.
  • The testing equipment, as you can imagine, is not inexpensive, so that is part of the budget request.
Summary: The committee heard first from Kentucky Farm Bureau leaders, who outlined the organization’s current priorities and recent work on farmland transition. Eddie Melton said Farm Bureau is working through 983 county and advisory committee resolutions and highlighted support for the updated selling farmer tax credit, now law through House Bill 775, as well as Senate Bill 28’s agriculture economic development provisions. He said Farm Bureau’s likely priorities include maintaining the 50% share of the tobacco settlement fund for agriculture, protecting funding for the Kentucky Department of Agriculture, preserving sales tax exemptions on farm inputs, keeping property taxes controlled, and exploring additional tools to keep farmland in active farmers’ hands, including possible loan or inheritance-tax changes. He also raised concerns about eminent domain transparency, nuisance deer permits, and access to agricultural inputs and crop protection products. Alita Bots described the farmland transition initiative in more detail, saying the revised state tax credit is generating strong interest and that a new federal tax provision now allows eligible land sales to actively engaged farmers to spread capital gains taxes over time. She said the initiative has reached 22 counties and more than 1,300 people this year through outreach and meetings, and that Farm Bureau is pairing policy work with resources to help farm families plan transitions and prepare wills and other estate documents. Drew Graham added that the effort is also meant to bridge the rural-urban divide and support rural communities, and Farm Bureau invited members to its annual meeting in early December. Members asked about rising insurance costs and deer damage. Farm Bureau representatives said severe convective storms, inflation, and higher repair and material costs have driven insurance rate increases, citing five major storm events since 2021 and a recent Owensboro hailstorm that caused about $350 million in losses; they said the company is moving toward percentage deductibles to help moderate increases. On deer, they said crop-loss totals are hard to quantify but acknowledged the problem and discussed possible coordination with the Department of Fish and Wildlife and Hunters for the Hungry. Commissioner Jonathan Shell then began the Department of Agriculture presentation, reporting gains from the department’s school agriculture outreach program, including a 23% increase in county participation between March and September and improved teacher-reported student learning, before continuing into the department’s legislative priorities.
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Human Services - 01/22/25

Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • service providers either did we tested service providers either did not<00:19:03.640> perform
  • So during our testing, we were not able to confirm balances for 20 of 59 providers that we tested.
  • We saw variances that ranged from $43 to $152,000, and 65% of the samples that we tested had inaccurate
  • they came from that we used for testing they came from that pre-program<00:35:41.119> report<
  • Commissioner, Senator, you do have one quick question before we move on to the next test fires.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
Summary: The Human Services Committee met on January 22, 2025, to focus early in session on waste, fraud, abuse, and program integrity in Minnesota human services programs. The chair said taxpayers expect funds to reach people in need and asked the Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA) to present on resources, progress, and possible solutions. Members also asked the auditors to note where the legislature or agencies had already taken action to address prior findings. OLA staff summarized recent reports on grants management and oversight. They said noncompliance with grants policies has been pervasive across agencies, including problems at DHS in conflict-of-interest documentation and pre-award financial reviews. In one DHS review, 30 of 41 grant reviewers had missing or incomplete conflict forms, and 20 of 57 grants lacked required financial review documents; the issues affected about $11.5 million in grant funding. OLA said DHS spent more than $400 million in grants to nonprofit organizations from 2018 to 2022, and they identified broader factors affecting compliance such as inconsistent funding for grants administration, ad hoc training, inconsistent data systems, and limited enforcement authority. They noted 2023 legislative changes that allowed agencies to retain some grant funding for administration and directed an assessment of a statewide grants management system, and they said OGM training and staffing have increased, though training is still not required for all staff. The Financial Audit Division then discussed the senior nutrition program at DHS, which delivered about 3.1 million meals to more than 40,000 participants in 2022 through the Minnesota Board on Aging, area agencies, service providers, and subcontractors. The audit found nine findings across documentation, monitoring, contract oversight, participant recertification, and data quality. Examples included service providers failing to recertify participants or recording inaccurate data, the Board on Aging not performing monitoring visits since 2017 or financial reconciliations in 2022, and area agencies failing to complete required site visits. Survey results also suggested participant database inaccuracies. OLA recommended stronger monitoring, clearer procedures, and more reliable data to ensure services reach intended recipients. No formal votes or committee actions were taken in the portion of the meeting provided.
DE
Transcript Highlights:
  • The SAT is an aptitude test to put states versus other states in regard to college applications.
  • They look at standardized test scores, and we're near the bottom.
  • So hopefully, it's a step to eliminate the SAT in regard to our aptitude testing. So good job.
  • This bill requires health insurance plans to cover biomarker testing.
  • The test is supported by medical and scientific evidence.
Keywords: 1064, all
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • The compliance is a two-part test. So our investigation focuses on two questions.
  • The compliance is a two-part test. So our investigation focuses on two questions.
  • Who's out there that is actually failing this test?
  • Built and tested more than 50 nuclear reactors at our site in the high desert west of Idaho Falls.
  • We use a hypothesis-testing framework for our analysis.
Keywords: 1185, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety - 02/23/26

Judiciary and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • You can have religious tests for government. So, for example, I'm Jewish.
  • You can have religious tests for government. So, for example, I'm Jewish.
  • You can have religious tests for government. So, for example, I'm Jewish.
  • You can have religious tests for government. So, for example, I'm Jewish.
  • You can have religious tests for government. So, for example, I'm Jewish.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

House Transportation, Highways & Military Affairs Committee, February 17, 2026

Transportation, Highways & Military Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • solar systems to comply with the National Electric Code and be certified by nationally recognized testing
  • They create public trust by developing standards, conducting research, testing products, and performing
  • <00:53:55.400> products, conducting research, testing products, conducting research, testing
  • UL Solutions recently announced has launched a dedicated testing and certification program for plug-in
  • These products must be tested by a nationally recognized testing laboratory and meet rigorous requirements
Bills: SF0095, SF0107, SF0112
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

House Finance (05/28/2025)

Transcript Highlights:
  • And obviously the bill is fixing that by requiring that the evidence should arrive to the testing lab
  • lab within seven arrive to the testing lab within seven business<00:17:17.199> days.
  • It just keeps going up in cost and no increase in testing results.
  • It just keeps going up in cost and no increase in testing results.
  • It just keeps going up in cost and no increase in testing results.
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The Finance Committee first took up Senate Bill 63, which Representative Maguire described as a straightforward bill setting funding for the Division of Travel and Tourism. He said it was not controversial. The committee voted to retain the bill by roll call, with one no vote and one member absent, and the motion passed 23-1-1. The committee then considered Senate Bill 74, dealing with annual reporting requirements for state departments that issue permits. Representative Maguire explained Amendment 2282 would shorten the reporting burden by requiring summary data on delayed permits rather than listing every permit, and would delay the first report until 2027 so agencies would not have to reconstruct old data. The amendment was adopted by voice vote, and the bill was then approved as amended by a 24-1 roll call vote. Next, the committee heard Senate Bill 241 on construction of a public pier at Hampton Beach. Representative Sweeney moved inexpedient to legislate, saying the project was ambitious and lacked public support. The motion passed unanimously 25-0, sending the bill to consent. Division Two then took up Senate Bill 145, a replace-all amendment to the education freedom account bill. Supporters said the amendment clarified the bill, kept the policy intact, removed a reimbursement program and an open-ended appropriation, and established a cap of 10,000 students with priority for current students and certain other groups. Opponents argued the measure was still a major expansion, would increase spending after crossover, and that the cap was not meaningful. After discussion, Amendment 2301H was adopted and the bill was approved as amended by a 25-0 vote, with members noting it could go on consent because no money remained in it.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Bulk milk tank surveillance testing. That was something that folks maybe had heard about recently.
  • And also pet food testing.
  • So that's the ongoing testing and work there.
  • And then the third thing— That's the ongoing testing and work there.
  • Don't test that with this group. All right. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Here we go.
Summary: The hearing opened with budget framing from the chair and the LAO, who said the May Revision addresses roughly a $14 billion budget problem and that the environment and transportation subcommittee’s proposals account for about $1.9 billion of the solution. The LAO urged members to focus on solutions that do not worsen out-year deficits, to preserve reserves, and to defer major policy changes that are not necessary to pass the budget, including the newly introduced water-related trailer bills. Members also raised concern about a late-dropped Olympic-related trailer bill, which the LAO likewise suggested should be deferred for fuller review. The first major item was the Delta Conveyance Project and related water quality control plan trailer bills. The administration argued the proposals would streamline permitting, water rights proceedings, judicial review, and land acquisition, and would clarify DWR’s bond authority for the project. DWR said the project is needed to protect water supply reliability against drought, earthquakes, sea level rise, and other climate-related disruptions, and that the tunnel would help move water when conditions are wet and safer for the environment. Committee members from both parties questioned the timing, the use of budget trailer bills for major policy changes, the scope of the CEQA and water-rights changes, the lack of a bond cap, cost growth, and eminent domain protections. The LAO recommended deferring both water trailer bills without prejudice. Public comment was sharply divided, with labor, water agencies, and some business groups supporting the project as climate adaptation and reliability infrastructure, while environmental, tribal, fishing, county, and community groups opposed it as an attempt to bypass public process and weaken protections. The committee then briefly heard the DMV’s Digital Experience Platform fee trailer bill, which would reinstate a $1 system improvement fee to help fund the vehicle-registration phase of the project. DMV said the fee would raise about $7 million annually and offset roughly $59 million to $60 million of project costs, while the LAO noted it would help but would not solve the Motor Vehicle Account’s broader structural gap. The hearing then moved to California High-Speed Rail, where the new CEO presented an updated plan and said the project remains a major climate and infrastructure investment. He reported a revised Merced-to-Bakersfield cost range of $34.9 billion to $38.5 billion, said the agency is trying to reduce risk through direct procurement of materials, and argued that stable annual funding is needed to avoid higher costs from delays.
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Taxes - 02/20/25

Taxes

Transcript Highlights:
  • 49.079> seeing<00:14:49.440> none<00:14:50.040> um<00:14:50.279> please test
  • um um seeing none um please test um um seeing none um please identify<00:14:51.040> yourself<
  • <00:47:17.839> fire um if the um if the other test fire um if the um if the other test fire
  • And I observe that you have bipartisan author Senator Rest testing to the strength of the bill.
  • And I observe that you have bipartisan author Senator Rest, testing to the strength of the bill.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Education (02/04/2025)

Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • I think, for me, it's very exciting that there actually now is a blood test that you can use to decide
  • To also acknowledge, as Senator Ward noted, there is now an autoantibody screening test that is valid
  • Senator Ward noted there is now an autoantibody screening test that is valid in stage two of diabetes
  • He recognized the symptoms, and after a quick local clinic test, he confirmed his suspicion.
  • He recognized the symptoms, and after a quick local clinic test, he confirmed his suspicion.
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
AR

Arkansas 2026 1st Special Session

LEGISLATIVE JOINT AUDITING Jun 5th, 2026

LEGISLATIVE JOINT AUDITING

Transcript Highlights:
  • Fifth is to plan and perform testing of internal control over compliance for major programs.
  • level is that we are running quarterly mock campaigns to where we will send out a variety of emails to test
  • Second, during disbursements tested, we noted adequate supporting documentation was not maintained for
  • six of 64 disbursements tested.
Summary: The committee met to adopt prior minutes and reports from its executive and standing committees, including counties and municipalities, educational institutions, and state agencies. Those reports covered routine audit activity, delinquent private water and sewer audits, municipal accounting compliance issues, education audit findings, and several state agency audit items. The committee also reviewed and adopted the State of Arkansas annual comprehensive financial report for fiscal year 2025 and the related single audit report, both presented by Legislative Audit staff. The state financial report showed unmodified opinions on the state’s financial statements and described total assets of about $41.9 billion and liabilities of about $11.1 billion, along with retirement system assets of $39.9 billion and a net pension liability of $9 billion. Two material weaknesses were identified: insufficient internal controls at the Office of State Technology to monitor threats and unauthorized access, and a Division of Workforce Services methodology change for unemployment-related estimates that was not properly documented or approved. The single audit covered $12.4 billion in federal awards across 469 programs, with 16 major programs reviewed; it resulted in 33 findings, 14 with questioned costs totaling $16.6 million, and qualified opinions for the Summer EBT program, the Coronavirus Capital Projects Fund, and the Child Care Development Fund cluster. Members questioned agency officials in detail about the Summer EBT questioned costs, DHS unresolved findings, broadband grant documentation, cyber security controls, workers’ compensation liabilities, and child care funding and reporting. DHS explained that the Summer EBT issue involved drawing federal funds in advance rather than as benefits were redeemed, and said the process has been corrected. Broadband officials said the questioned $6.6 million reflected documentation-detail disagreements across many invoices rather than missing payments. OST officials described new logging, endpoint detection, and phishing-training efforts, and DFA and Education officials addressed specific audit findings and corrective actions. The committee ultimately moved to hold the two large statewide reports over until the August meeting for further review, with discussion continuing on whether to release some agency staff in the meantime.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Rep. Joe Schomacker (R - Luverne) departing member remarks 5/18/26

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • So, I'm a long-time learner of the litmus test that our side loves to give people throughout, and so
  • So, I'm a long-time learner of the<00:02:03.800> litmus<00:02:04.120> test<00:02:04.400
  • c> our<00:02:04.680> side<00:02:04.920> loves<00:02:05.160> to the litmus test
  • that our side loves to the litmus test that our side loves to give<00:02:06.120> people<00:02
Keywords: 919, house, all
Summary: Representative Schomacker delivered a lengthy farewell-style floor speech reflecting on his path into public service, from growing up around news and debate, to starting a teenage Republican group, serving as a page, and eventually being unexpectedly recruited to run for office. He described being elected despite early polling that had him far behind, and said the experience taught him to hold competing viewpoints at once and to focus on getting work done rather than ideological tests. He then reviewed major policy accomplishments from his legislative career, especially in health and human services. He highlighted work on the Lewis and Clark water project for Luverne, the competitive workforce factor in disability waiver rates, expansion of bed capacity at Regions Hospital, and, most prominently, the overhaul of long-term care nursing home funding to a value-based reimbursement system. He emphasized that these efforts required extensive research, negotiation, and input from stakeholders, and said they helped support local care, businesses, and communities. Schomacker also spoke about the importance of long-term care in his district, the aging population, and the role nursing homes play in emergencies. He thanked family, staff, colleagues, mentors, and friends for their support over 16 years in the Legislature, sharing several personal anecdotes and expressing gratitude for the relationships built across party and committee lines. The speech ended with applause and well-wishes; no formal vote or bill action occurred in the excerpt.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on the Arts May 14th, 2026

Joint Committee on the Arts

Transcript Highlights:
  • creative economy and pairing their lived experience with interviews with subject matter experts to stress-test
  • How do we then come up with at least a pilot so that we can begin to test and then adjust?
  • At the close of the planning process, we were able to leverage funds to go on the road and test the plan
  • We set out to, one, road test the plan to see if it resonated with communities; two, gather additional
Keywords: 987, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

MA cover weight-loss drugs 3/25/26

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • He lost 57 lb and his diabetes tests normalized.
  • ><00:07:17.680> and<00:07:17.800> his<00:07:17.919> diabetes<00:07:18.520> test
  • He lost 57 lb and his diabetes test He lost 57 lb and his diabetes test normalized.<00:07:20.040
Keywords: 1183, house
KY

Kentucky 2026 Regular Session

Senate Standing Committee on State and Local Government (3-25-26)

State & Local Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • Could you elaborate on that and the testing?
  • Could you elaborate on that<00:15:13.240> and<00:15:13.360> the<00:15:13.480> testing
  • that and the testing? that and the testing?
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Interstate teacher mobility compact established 3/3/26

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • there's equivalent student teaching, they get a license here immediately as long as they've met the testing
  • :04.240> the immediately as long as they've met the immediately as long as they've met the testing
  • 10:06.000> So<00:10:06.399> it<00:10:06.560> seems<00:10:06.880> that testing
  • So it seems that testing requirements.
Keywords: 1183, house
Summary: The committee took up House File 3635, the Interstate Teacher Mobility Compact, and House File 3638, which would make several changes to teacher licensing and related agency operations. Dr. Yolena Bailey walked through the compact, explaining that it would let teachers move more easily among member states while preserving Minnesota’s authority over licensing, data, discipline, and rulemaking. She emphasized that the compact must be adopted without changes to be effective and that it would still require eligible teachers to hold a qualifying license, pass a state background check, and meet any compensation-related documentation requirements. Testifiers from school administrator groups and Western Governors University supported both bills. They said Minnesota’s teacher shortages, especially in special education, make it difficult to fill classrooms and often force districts to rely on substitutes or leave positions vacant. Supporters said the compact would speed licensing for qualified out-of-state teachers without lowering standards, and that the Tier 2 change in HF 3638 would help candidates enrolled in out-of-state teacher prep programs, including working adults and rural students, access Minnesota licensure pathways. WGU said the Tier 2 barrier affects its students and partnerships, including special education pipeline efforts and Teach For America collaborations. For HF 3638, Bailey described operational changes that would move the voluntary pair professional credential to MDE, allow a data-sharing agreement with the Board of School Administrators, let the agency use forfeiture fees for IT needs, update mental health training language and rulemaking, expand Tier 2 eligibility to some out-of-state teacher prep students, and extend the timeline for an online licensing system project by two years. Members asked whether the compact would add requirements for Minnesota educators or reduce licensure quality; Bailey and Representative Hill said it would not add classroom requirements and would mainly reduce paperwork while maintaining standards. The bills were laid over for further consideration, with no vote taken in the excerpt.