Video & Transcript Research : 'permanent rules'

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MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Minnesota House passes the omnibus education policy bill, SF1740 5/16/25

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • But the lack of rules<01:14:20.320> only rules only rules only exacerbates<01:14:22.400> the
  • I don't know what rule or whatever that's under, but it'd be nice to do that.
  • We have a short-call emergency substitute teacher program that was made permanent.
  • <01:55:06.560> That's<01:55:06.800> a that was made permanent.
  • That's a that was made permanent.
Keywords: 1183, house
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session 3/3/25

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I rise under House Rules 3.21.
  • The chair: I am ruling that the point of order is not well taken.
  • that the point of discussion I am ruling that the point of order order order is<00:31:27.559> is<
  • <00:36:57.599> within jurisdiction and in fact by rule within jurisdiction and in fact by
  • teeth concussions resulting in permanent teeth concussions resulting in permanent injuries<00:59
Keywords: 1183, house
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • Highlights include elimination of the business rent tax on row two, creation of a permanent back-to-school
  • holiday that will occur for the entire month of August each year on row three, the creation of many permanent
Summary: The final conference committee meeting of the Appropriations Chairs on June 13, 2025, focused on exchanging and explaining offers on several budget-related bills. The House presented offers on SB 2502 (statewide implementing bill), SB 2504 (state employees collective bargaining), HB 5015 (state group insurance and higher education implementing bill), and HB 7031 (sales tax reductions). House explanations covered implementing bill issues in agriculture/natural resources and state administration, collective bargaining language, state employee insurance, higher education provisions such as carry-forward spending for deferred maintenance, nursing-related programs, fee waivers, direct-support organizations, capital outlay procurement, and presidential compensation, and a broad tax package including elimination of the business rent tax and new or permanent sales tax holidays and exemptions. A representative of the Florida Association of Counties testified in support of reducing the business rent tax but urged the committee to preserve local option sales taxes for local infrastructure needs. The Senate then presented offers on SB 7022 (retirement), SB 2506 (natural resources), the health and human services/health care implementing bill, and SB 2514. Senate explanations included maintaining positions on retirement language, a new land acquisition provision in SB 2506, modified language on I-Connect in the health care implementing bill, and proposed changes in SB 2514. After a brief recess, the Senate accepted the House offers on SB 2502, SB 2504, HB 5015, and HB 7031, and the House accepted the Senate offers on SB 7022, SB 2506, SB 2514, and the health and human services/health care implementing bill. The committee then adopted a motion allowing staff to make technical and conforming changes, and the meeting adjourned.
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

WAM-EDU Informational Briefing 01-14-2025

Hawaii Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • <01:13:24.800> as<01:13:24.920> well Union rules as well Union rules as well that<01
  • Or is it going to be if they move to Central Maui, is then that permanent?
  • Or is it going to be if they move to Central Maui, is then that permanent?
  • Or is it going to be if they move to Central Maui, is then that permanent?
  • Or is it going to be if they move to Central Maui, is then that permanent?
Keywords: 912, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Agriculture, Veterans, Broadband and Rural Development - 02/17/25

Agriculture, Veterans, Broadband, and Rural Development

Transcript Highlights:
  • for wolf trapping, and so that'll be a real concern as we get into spring, because they are not permanent
  • for wolf trapping, and so that'll be a real concern as we get into spring, because they are not permanent
  • because they are not uh permanent because they are not uh permanent employees<00:15:22.759> those
  • I think we make the rules. Foreshadowing, so feel free. Spoiler coming. Mr.
  • I think we make the rules. Foreshadowing, so feel free. Spoiler coming. Mr.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • How our permanent trust fund does.
  • So, our current permanent trust is at a little over $3 billion, and it's been doing very well in a high-interest
  • They do not represent ongoing federal support or permanent growth.
Keywords: 914, all
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • It should reopen sometime in early February, temporarily or permanently.
  • So, in the last six months, we have a lot of new operations from eventual hopeful permanent tenants in
  • facility and also some of our space operations testing that's going to be occurring, whether it be a permanent
Keywords: 914, all
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Appropriations Jun 5th, 2025

Appropriations

Transcript Highlights:
  • You add that to the $2.5 billion of permanent reductions to revenue from the tax package, and then you
  • You add that to the $2.5 billion of permanent reductions to revenue from the tax package, and then you
  • It creates permanent sales tax exemptions.
Summary: The Appropriations Committee heard three measures focused on state finances. SB 1906 by Senator Brodeur would add a ninth element to the state debt reduction strategy report and create a program to transfer $250 million annually from the General Revenue Fund to accelerate retirement of outstanding state debt, while exempting the Department of Transportation and Florida Turnpike Enterprise. Members questioned the fiscal tradeoffs and flexibility, but the bill was supported in debate and reported favorably. The committee then considered SJR 1908 by Chair Hooper, which would amend the Constitution to raise the Budget Stabilization Fund cap from 10% to 25% of general revenue collections, require $750 million annual deposits until the cap is reached, and allow withdrawals for critical state needs by separate bill with a two-thirds vote, while keeping existing rules for emergencies and revenue shortfalls. Testimony and debate centered on whether Florida already has sufficient reserves, how “critical state need” would be defined, and whether the new requirement would reduce flexibility during recessions or federal funding cuts. Despite opposition from advocacy groups and several senators, the resolution was reported favorably. Finally, the committee took up HB 7031 as the vehicle for the tax package and adopted a delete-everything amendment to place it in the proper posture for conference. As amended, the bill was described as reducing the state sales tax by 0.75%, lowering the commercial rent tax from 2% to 1.25%, eliminating the business rent tax, and creating permanent sales tax exemptions while preserving sales tax holidays. The amended bill was reported favorably, and the committee then adjourned.
AL

Alabama 2025 Regular Session

Alabama House Agriculture and Forestry Committee Apr 23rd, 2025

Agriculture and Forestry

Transcript Highlights:
  • Feeding animals the wrong diet, even just for a few days, can cause broken bones and permanent disability
  • At that point, it is unreasonable and is permanently dependent on human care.
  • It would create more suffering, not less; more confusion, not clarity; and more animals permanently removed
Bills: HB448, HB448
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Human Services Committee Mar 25th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • This bill will move the state forward on creating a permanent guaranteed basic income program by tasking
  • So let's make it a permanent state program. Thank you for bringing this bill forward. I recommend.
  • So let's make it a permanent state program. Thank you for bringing this bill forward.
Summary: The Assembly Committee on Human Services heard and advanced a series of foster care, benefits, housing, and poverty-related bills. AB 373 would require appointed counsel for nonminor dependents in dependency proceedings to represent the young adult’s expressed wishes rather than substitute counsel’s judgment; supporters said it would respect autonomy for foster youth ages 18 to 21, and the bill passed 4-0, later updated to 6-0 and then 7-0 as absent members were added. AB 42 would exempt merit-based scholarships, grants, loans, and fellowships from income calculations for CalWORKs and CalFresh and align the two programs’ exclusions; student and anti-poverty advocates said it would prevent students from losing benefits when they pursue education, and it passed 6-0, later updated to 7-0. AB 534 would encourage transitional housing providers serving foster youth to move from leasing to owning properties by extending contract terms and improving access to financing; witnesses said ownership would improve stability and reduce landlord barriers, and it passed 4-0, later updated to 7-0. AB 562 would require counties below the state average for family placements to use a family-finding checklist and best-practice support; supporters emphasized family-first placements for foster youth, and it passed 6-0, later updated to 7-0. AB 661 would direct the Department of Social Services to develop an implementation plan for a permanent statewide guaranteed basic income program; supporters described positive results from pilot programs and the bill passed 5-2, later updated to 7-0. The committee also approved a consent calendar of additional bills, all without opposition.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Rules Committee May 20th, 2026

Rules

Transcript Highlights:
  • The Senate Rules Committee will begin, and we will come to order.
  • And just the only ground rules is to be respectful. And that goes across the board.
  • Back in 2023, I, along with when I sat on Rules, we originally interviewed you.
  • That would be a serious rules violation, still under 115? Yes. Okay.
  • Although I think I've been on the Rules Committee for the... ...couldn't meet with you.
Keywords: 987, senate, all
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • Same rules would apply to systems engagement with companies, particularly proxy advisors.
  • Having to see 2/3 of those elected in constant ethic lest the rule cha the House rules to be suspended
  • Having received the majority vote of those elected, we move to suspend the rules.
  • The rule is essentially.
  • He convinced me that the rule is a mindset. Thank you for the question.
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

EDT Public Hearing 02-03-2026

Economic Development and Tourism

Transcript Highlights:
  • Um, in December 2024, the Federal Trade Commission issued a final trade rule to combat hidden fees and
  • Um, the federal rule finalized after intense debate took effect on May 12, 2025.
  • Um, this rule applies on a nationwide basis and empowers state attorneys general to enforce it.
  • support the enactment of a state law that also protects consumers equally or greater than the federal rule
  • <01:34:46.159> I rules I rules I >> noting<01:34:46.960> the<01:34:47.040> presence
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The Senate Committee on Economic Development and Tourism heard seven bills on consumer protection, DBEDT-related matters, and tourism/creative industry issues. On SB 2031, DCCA supported aligning state law with the FTC’s 2025 rule on hidden fees and pricing misrepresentations in live event ticketing and short-term lodging; hotel and financial industry witnesses also testified, and senators asked for complaint and enforcement data. On SB 2129, DBEDT and business groups supported a study of minimum wage impacts, with testimony emphasizing effects on hours, employment, prices, and business viability; a senator asked whether the study could also examine the gig economy and business closures, and DBEDT said that may be possible but would require more research and data access. On SB 2259, which would promote dementia-friendly businesses, DBEDT said the measure fit better with another agency and lacked the department’s expertise, while the Executive Office on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association supported the intent and offered to help with curriculum, branding, and training. Testifiers described dementia as a spectrum and said businesses should be trained to communicate effectively with customers and employees living with the disease; suggested amendments included changing the branding language and requiring at least 85% of employees to complete training rather than all employees. A senator also raised concerns about stigma and whether early-stage dementia should affect a person’s ability to function, and the witness responded that people can often function well in early stages. The committee also heard SB 2577 on sports tourism, which DBEDT and the Retail Merchants of Hawaii supported as a way to better understand which events draw visitors and economic benefits. SB 2578, creating a film commission, drew broad support from DBEDT, Creative Industries, SAG-AFTRA, the Hawaii Film Alliance, the Hawaii Film Office, and others, but several witnesses urged changes to the commission’s composition and authority, including more labor representation and limits on the commission’s ability to adjust the production cap. Senators questioned staffing, costs, and whether current film office employees should transfer to the new commission, and one senator proposed a friendly amendment to add musicians, SAG, IATSE, and Teamsters, though the department cautioned that too many members could make the commission difficult to manage. The transcript ends during discussion of the film bill, with no final votes or committee actions stated for the measures heard.
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Higher Education Finance and Policy Committee 3/20/25

Higher Education Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • And then there are a few repeals for obsolete rules or rules that contradict statute.
  • <00:53:08.960> or<00:53:09.160> rules<00:53:09.599> that<00:53:10.319> uh
  • um obsolete rules or rules that uh um obsolete rules or rules that uh contradict<00:53:11.160>
  • fee changes and modifications to the relevant acts will allow OHE to hire and retain a full-time permanent
  • fee changes and modifications to the relevant acts will allow OHE to hire and retain a full-time permanent
Keywords: 1183, house
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • It punishes responsible owners who maintain properties and follow the rules.
  • It punishes responsible owners who maintain properties and follow the rules.
  • Many Cape towns have already pursued home rule petitions to create such a funding source, and last year
  • I fear that my housing insecurity will be permanent.
  • They have three to nine months to live there as we find them long-term permanent housing.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government held a long public hearing focused mainly on two sets of issues: proposals to amend or repeal the MBTA Communities Act, and bills to allow local rent stabilization. Committee chairs opened by explaining the hearing would be tightly managed because of the very large number of speakers, with testimony limited to two minutes per person and written testimony still accepted by email. Members and witnesses were called in a mix of in-person and virtual order throughout the hearing. On the MBTA Communities Act, several legislators and local officials argued the law is too rigid and should be revised to account for local conditions. Speakers from small, rural, or infrastructure-limited communities such as Hanson, Halifax, Marshfield, Winthrop, Dracut, Carver, Rehoboth, and others said the law’s one-size-fits-all approach does not fit towns with limited water, sewer, transit access, or buildable land. Some filed bills would repeal the law, exempt certain communities, or create appeals processes based on infrastructure, environmental, or historical constraints. Supporters of the law’s changes emphasized local control and the need to avoid forcing development where communities believe it is impractical or inconsistent with town character. A large portion of the hearing was devoted to rent stabilization legislation, especially S. 1447 and related House bills. Supporters included legislators, city councilors, tenant advocates, labor leaders, housing nonprofits, public health organizations, and residents who described sharp rent increases, displacement, homelessness risk, and the strain on working families, seniors, students, and people with disabilities. They argued local-option rent stabilization would let municipalities cap excessive increases and prevent no-fault evictions while preserving flexibility for local conditions. Opponents, including small landlords and property owners, said rent control would discourage investment, worsen housing quality, burden responsible owners, and drive small landlords out of the market. Some witnesses also supported a Cape Cod/Island transfer fee bill and a suburban infrastructure fund, arguing those would provide local revenue for housing or roads. No votes or formal committee actions were taken during the hearing.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House DFL Press Conference 5/11/26

Transcript Highlights:
  • Owners burned through savings and some closed permanently. The damage is real and it is deep.
  • /c><00:03:18.920> closed through savings and some closed through savings and some closed permanently
  • 20.680> The<00:03:20.800> damage<00:03:21.239> is<00:03:21.360> real permanently
  • The damage is real permanently.
Keywords: 919, house, all
Summary: House and Senate DFL lawmakers held a Capitol news conference to press for a $100 million small business relief package in response to the economic fallout from Operation Metro Surge and related ICE enforcement activity. Representatives Cedrick Frazier and Jay Xiong, along with Senator Susan Pappas and other supporters, said the enforcement surge caused widespread fear, reduced customer traffic, lost wages, and closures for immigrant-owned and other small businesses in Minneapolis-St. Paul and greater Minnesota. They argued the state has a history of providing disaster-style aid when communities are harmed through no fault of their own and said this situation warrants similar action. Business and community testimony described specific losses: a Willmar restaurant closed after both parents were detained, a North Mankato grocery store opening was delayed, The Coven reported a 33% revenue drop at two locations, and Lake Street businesses were said to have lost substantial revenue and staff. Speakers said the damage affected workers, landlords, suppliers, and neighborhood corridors statewide, and several emphasized that the relief should come as grants or forgivable loans rather than additional debt. They also criticized House Republican leaders for tying the relief to changes in paid family leave and for blocking a public hearing. In response to questions, Frazier said negotiations were ongoing through committee chairs and conference committee, with the issue still being discussed in broader leadership talks. He said the House would need only one Republican vote in committee and on the floor to advance the measure, and identified Chair Baker as a possible supporter because of harm in his district. Speakers said the Senate has already passed the relief and urged the House to act quickly before the end of session.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • For the first item on the HCD Connect BCP, this proposal requests permanent position authority, HCD Connect
  • This proposal requests permanent position authority for seven positions in 2026-27 and ongoing.
  • Just want to note also that no additional funding is being requested for these permanent positions.
  • these activities in order to have a full evaluation of these programs when they come up for their permanent
Summary: The Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 5 on State Administration heard a series of budget change proposals and trailer bill items, beginning with Housing and Community Development (HCD) requests. HCD sought permanent authority for seven existing temporary positions to support the HCD Connect IT system, and a separate proposal to fund implementation of eight 2025 housing-related laws with $4.2 million General Fund and 16 positions, plus $470,000 one-time General Fund. Members asked about how HCD Connect would interact with programs moving to the new Housing Development Finance Committee, and HCD also explained that the estimated cost to implement AB 1053 had been revised downward from about $6 million to $1.9 million because of shared implementation with CalHFA and the new committee structure. The committee also heard a Cal ICH proposal for $339,000 one-time General Fund to implement AB 678 on LGBTQ+ inclusive and culturally competent homelessness services, with testimony emphasizing data gaps and the need for a contract-based approach because HMIS cannot be changed unilaterally. The Department of Financial Protection and Innovation presented three continuation proposals: $15.34 million and 53 positions for the California Consumer Financial Protection Law program, $13.5 million and 51 positions for the Debt Collector Licensing Act program, and $49,000 ongoing for two positions in the broker-dealer/investment adviser education program. Members and the public raised concerns about the size and fairness of debt collector assessments and licensing fees, while DFPI explained the pro rata fee structure, the current license count, and how larger assessments fall on larger firms. Public testimony also supported retaining funding for the Student Loan Empowerment Network and requested funding for a franchise broker registration program. The committee also considered a mandate item involving suspension of a disclosure requirement related to property taxation, and trailer bill language from the Government Operations Agency to amend AB 91 on MENA demographic data collection, with the administration emphasizing data nondisclosure, protection of federal funding, and delayed implementation. The Secretary of State’s office then presented Help America Vote Act funding requests: $10.3 million for VoteCal maintenance and operations and $4.492 million for HAVA spending plans supporting voter education, training, accessibility, auditing, and county assistance. The office also requested $660,000 General Fund to implement AB 1392, which would make voter registration information for elected officials and candidates confidential, and explained the need to modify VoteCal and county election systems. The committee also heard requests to continue the Cal-Access Replacement System with $11.8 million General Fund and to continue the Notary Automation Program Replacement Project with $9.75 million from the Business Fees Fund. Members asked about total project costs, testing, data migration, and the expected November 2026 go-live date for Cal-Access replacement. Votes were taken on the vote-only items once quorum was established, and the committee approved the items considered. The final informational item was an overview from the California Arts Council, which highlighted the agency’s 50th anniversary, its statewide grantmaking, and the economic impact of arts funding. Council staff described Creative Corps, cultural districts, and the role of arts funding in local economies, while members and public witnesses urged increased support, including a request to raise local assistance grant funding to $50 million and to provide additional funding for cultural districts. Testimony emphasized the arts as economic infrastructure, community infrastructure, and a source of civic and cultural vitality across California.
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

Joint Appropriations Committee, January 15, 2026

Appropriations

Transcript Highlights:
  • without reviewing the the federal rules without reviewing the the federal rules and<01:02:19.680
  • It directs the labor and rules broadly.
  • by rule of the department. by rule of the department.
  • obligation imposed by statute or by rule obligation imposed by statute or by rule or<03:46:59.199
  • <03:48:27.279> and boards and subject to all the rules and boards and subject to all the rules
Keywords: 916, all
NH
Transcript Highlights:
  • To quote from the federal rule, it's an To quote from the federal rule, it's an extended<00:34:07.840
  • Okay. >> Would it be possible for the division to come up with some rules or suggested rules?
  • The interim final rule expressed rule.
  • associated with the federal rule.
  • rule of how we should be approaching it. rule of how we should be approaching it.
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The committee first approved the draft minutes from its May 29 meeting and then received an informational update from the Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing about the state’s ASL interpreter pipeline. Representative Woods and Associate Commissioner Ann Landry explained that the American Sign Language program at UNH Manchester, the nation’s first fully accredited program, is facing viability concerns because high tuition has left only two of a potential 20 students committed so far. They warned that if enrollment does not recover, the program could face a teachout and eventually be lost, which they said would be detrimental because many state services and legal proceedings require qualified interpreters. Members discussed possible alternatives, including whether community colleges could help, and asked for follow-up research and contact information for UNH officials. The committee also heard that interpreter demand across DHHS continues to rise and that the department must ensure compliance with civil rights and service-access requirements. The committee then turned to Medicaid policy changes tied to Senate Bill 134 and a new federal interim final rule on Medicaid community engagement, or work, requirements. DHHS officials Olivia May and Ann Landry explained that the state law and federal rule align in many areas, but the committee still needed to decide how to implement several remaining policy choices. The department recommended adopting all four short-term hardship exceptions because the federal rule requires states to take them all or none: inpatient or institutional care, federally declared emergencies, high-unemployment areas, and extensive out-of-state travel for serious medical care. Members generally supported the exceptions but raised concerns about how they would be defined and applied, especially the emergency and medical-travel categories. Several legislators asked for more clarity on terms like “extensively” and “serious or complex medical care,” and DHHS said the federal rule does not rigidly define them, though the state could refine implementation through rulemaking if authorized. The department also said the emergency exception would apply only to federally declared emergencies, not state declarations, and would be tied to the emergency event itself. No final vote on the Medicaid policy was recorded in the portion provided, but the discussion indicated the committee was reviewing the remaining decisions needed to implement Senate Bill 134 under the new federal framework.
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Children, Families and Persons with Disabilities Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Children, Families and Persons with Disabilities

Transcript Highlights:
  • public spaces laws, amend voting laws to affirm the right to vote and register to vote without a permanent
  • Supreme Court ruled against Gloria Johnson and other people experiencing homelessness in City of Grants
  • Across the Commonwealth, more cities and towns are responding to this ruling by enacting encampment and
  • So I ask you, do we have enough courage to bring light into one system where secret seas still rules,
  • can use the playground, but after school, many can't because it's regulated under a different set of rules
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The committee hearing covered a wide range of child welfare, family support, and human services bills. Testimony strongly supported a guaranteed cash stipend for young adults aging out of foster care (S.161), with the Attorney General’s Office, youth advocates, and foster care providers describing high rates of homelessness and poverty after exit from care. Providers also urged action on a resolve to study the foster care liability insurance crisis (H.197/S.1280), saying premiums and coverage losses are forcing program cutbacks and could reduce foster care capacity statewide. Another major topic was a direct care worker medication administration program registry (H.237/S.162), which supporters said would help recruit and train workers, especially bilingual staff, to address workforce shortages in human services. Several bills focused on child protection and child welfare system practices. Supporters of H.267/S.145 called for advance notice to children’s attorneys when placements or other major events change, arguing that timely communication is essential to prevent unnecessary disruption and improve advocacy. Testimony also backed legislation to formally recognize and strengthen children’s advocacy centers and the Massachusetts Children’s Alliance (H.233/S.112), with prosecutors and CAC leaders describing the trauma-informed model as a longstanding, effective response to child abuse and trafficking. A bill to establish a Massachusetts children’s cabinet (S.115) drew support from advocates who said cross-agency coordination is needed to align policy and funding for children’s well-being. The committee also heard testimony on bills addressing safety, equity, and family support. Senator Lovely and survivors supported S.152, which would create a civil cause of action for sexual abuse by adults in positions of authority or trust, with witnesses describing grooming and power imbalances in schools and youth-serving settings. H.274, a bill of rights for people experiencing homelessness, was supported by advocates who said it would add anti-discrimination protections and voting and privacy rights amid rising criminalization of homelessness. H.272/S.171 to protect maternal health received support from Rep. Montaño, MLRI, and a physician, who said the bills would make cash assistance available earlier in pregnancy and remove the medical-verification barrier. H.4216 on equitable hair care for children in state custody was supported by social workers and advocates who said hair care is tied to identity, dignity, and mental health. H.255 on empowering early educators drew testimony about barriers faced by renters and condo owners trying to open home-based child care programs. H.217, concerning resources and support for pregnant and parenting families, drew testimony from anti-abortion pregnancy resource center advocates. No votes were taken during the hearing, and several bills had no one signed up to testify or were deferred when witnesses were unavailable.