Transcript Highlights:

• Contributes max up to maximum one-third of all total contributions by the local governing body in a particular
• The minimum contribution rate is $30,000.
• That means from a maximum one-third contribution rate to use an actually determined contribution rate
• So, historically.
• Studio La Bahia, Historic Site in Goliad, and for our other programs. historic sites.

Committee: House Appropriations - S/C on Articles I, IV, & V

Transcript Highlights:

• This is a time to reflect on the profound contributions Black Americans have shaped our history, our
• I think one of the things that's important that we recognize today is that we honor the contributions
• For as long as I am black, I am historic.
• And their important contributions to our society, and I respectfully ask. your aye vote.
• Her contributions to law enforcement and the community will ever be forgotten.

Transcript Highlights:

• workers, farmers, teachers, first responders, health care workers, business owners, and all who contribute
• to the strength and all who contribute to the strength of<00:01:30.880><c> our</c><00:01:31.000><c>
• of all American, celebrate contribution of all American, celebrate a<00:12:05.400><c> his-</c> a his
• - a his- historic<00:12:07.520><c> of</c><00:12:07.760><c> liberty</c><00:12:08.600><c> and</c><00:12
• :08.800><c> looking</c><00:12:09.120><c> forward</c> historic of liberty and looking forward historic

Transcript Highlights:

• Imagine living in Puerto Rico for 40 years, raising children, contributing to our economy, and facing
• All one has to do is go to their pay stub where it says, FICA, Federal Insurance Contribution.
• Small businesses contribute so much to our communities.
• THESE CHALLENGES HAVE Contributed to a 35% decline in veteran entrepreneurship since World War II.
• SUBLETT COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Bills: HR818 , HR832 , HR825 , HR828 , HR804 , HR754 , HR788

Keywords: impeachment, judge, criminal conduct, judicial behavior, Supreme Court, assassination attempt, sentencing, ideology, National Chemistry Week, education, STEM careers, science promotion, public engagement, government transparency, communication, House of Representatives, appropriations, furlough, Federal agencies, military service

Transcript Highlights:

• Today, there are contributing groups in our nation.
• Their contributions to the public service, science, and...
• Their contributions to public service, science, medicine, education, and the arts reflect the best of
• His historic legislative career spent 16 years in Sacramento, breaking barriers for Korean Americans
• While this moment carries such historical significance, it also acknowledges the contributions of Korean

Transcript Highlights:

• And overall, donors contributed about $40 million to communities.
• This is a recommendation to the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.
• The second is to the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.
• Treasury that makes loans to individuals who have historically not had access to credit.
• However, the exact role in contributing to these goals is unclear.

Committee: Joint Citizen Commission for Performance Measurement of Tax Preferences

Transcript Highlights:

• They have helped to fund historical preservation, documentary...
• So that bipartisan support has been historically strong.
• status as well as national historic landmark status for the site.
• These poems helped secure California historic landmark status as well as national historic landmark status
• Hundreds of thousands of historical records are at risk.

Summary: The joint informational hearing focused on how federal actions are affecting arts, culture, humanities, libraries, museums, and creative industries in California. Chair Ben Allen, Vice Chair Chris Ward, and other members described the moment as a crisis, citing proposed or implemented cuts to the NEA, NEH, and IMLS, grant terminations, leadership removals, and budget proposals to zero out major cultural agencies. Members emphasized that arts and humanities are both culturally essential and economically significant, and they framed the hearing as a chance to hear impacts on the ground and consider state and federal responses. Testimony from Aaron Harky of Americans for the Arts and Jolie Fisher of SAG-AFTRA highlighted the scale of the problem. Harky said federal rescissions and policy changes are causing immediate financial harm, forcing hiring freezes, program cancellations, and emergency fundraising, while disproportionately hurting rural, immigrant, elder, and small community organizations. She noted California’s creative economy generates hundreds of billions of dollars and urged support for restoring state arts funding, museum grants, and legislation such as SB 456 and AB 3149, along with federal measures like the Charitable Act and Performing Arts Tax Parity Act. Fisher focused on film and television production, saying runaway production, outdated tax rules, and weak federal IP protections are harming workers and local businesses; she urged federal production incentives, tax parity for performers, and stronger protections against AI misuse of artists’ voices and likenesses. State agency leaders Rick Noguchi of California Humanities, Greg Lucas of the State Library, and Danielle Purcell of the California Arts Council described direct impacts from federal funding disruptions. Noguchi said California Humanities lost NEH support immediately, putting grants and documentary projects at risk and prompting possible litigation and appeals. Lucas said the State Library initially faced a major IMLS funding loss but has since had part of the money restored, though still with a reduced amount that will limit local assistance. Purcell said the California Arts Council is assessing terminated grants and fielding urgent calls from grantees, while continuing to distribute state arts funds and track the damage. Members asked about bipartisan support, business coalition-building, economic measurement, AI threats to creative work, and the implications of federal leadership changes; no votes were taken, but the hearing ended with calls for continued advocacy, legal action, and possible state investment to stabilize the sector.

Transcript Highlights:

• extend my appreciation to commission staff, our local and regional commissions, and all of our historical
• Also, we have with us today from the Department of Historic Resources, Mr. Roger Kirchin. Mr.
• Roger Kirchin, the new director at the Department of Historic Resources, formerly a deputy director there
• What we plan to do is present this in a way that shows who we are, where we are, contributions we made
• So I would suggest that we spend a little bit of cash to find out just how much we've contributed to

Transcript Highlights:

• or an employee contribution if there is a change to that.
• or an employee contribution if there is a change to that.
• or an employee contribution if there is a change to that.
• or an employee contribution if there is a change to that.
• ><c> not</c><00:07:46.720><c> relevant</c> becomes historically that's not relevant becomes historically

Summary: The committee held its first meeting on budget instructions for the 2026-2028 state budget, as required by KRS Chapter 48. Staff from the Office of State Budget Director outlined three recommended changes: restructuring Form B4 for additional budget requests to emphasize the problem, solution, and quantitative data; adding page numbers to the Record P report so agencies’ additional budget requests can be located more easily; and updating the budget calendar to reflect the December 20 presentation of the consensus forecast to LRC under changes made by House Bill 360. Members asked follow-up questions about contribution rates, debt service template rates, and employee health rates. Staff said the fiscal 2026 KS non-hazardous contribution rate is 42.76%, but fiscal 2027 and 2028 rates have not yet been set; debt service rates would be posted later; and employee health rate assumptions are still being discussed with the Personnel Cabinet. Members also asked how program reductions or terminations would be handled, and staff explained that agencies base requests on statutory and federal requirements, while budget reductions are handled through the appropriations act. The committee discussed whether Form B4 should ask agencies to describe alternative options considered and how they were evaluated. Staff said the current instructions do not specifically require that, though some implications may appear in narrative responses, and members agreed to continue working on the instructions. The committee then adopted a motion directing the co-chairs to work with LRC staff to finalize the 2026-2028 budget instructions and present them for adoption, with the motion approved by roll call. Members also noted that federal budget developments, including possible SNAP cost shifts to states, are being monitored but are too early to incorporate into the instructions at this time.

Transcript Highlights:

• Honorees for their invaluable contributions to our state and country.
• ACR 100 is an opportunity to honor the great contributions and deep connections.
• August 15th is a historic day when Indian Americans annually celebrate August 15th is a historic day
• And the valuable contributions they make in the communities where they live.
• The contributions are visible throughout our community.

Summary: The Assembly convened after a quorum call, opened with a Native American prayer/song and the Pledge of Allegiance, and then handled a series of procedural motions. Members voted on multiple appeals and referrals involving SB 280 and ACA 8; the Speaker’s rulings were sustained on several points, and motions to re-refer the measures to different committees were ultimately adopted or rejected as noted. The Majority Leader also secured unanimous-consent and roll-call motions to suspend rules and file-notice requirements so the Elections and Appropriations Committees could notice ACA 8 and SB 280 for hearings and reporting deadlines. The chamber then took up several resolutions and concurrence items. Senate amendments were concurred in for AB 829, AB 463, AB 493, and AB 1387, each passing with unanimous or near-unanimous roll-call votes. The Assembly also adopted ACR 102 recognizing California Native American Day and the California Indian Cultural Awareness Conference, after extensive remarks from members of multiple caucuses and a Native American Day ceremony honoring tribal leaders, a judge, a councilwoman, a tribal chairman, and Clovis Unified students who defended their right to wear regalia at graduation. ACR 100 honoring India’s Independence Day was likewise adopted with broad support, and HR 48 marking the 105th anniversary of the 19th Amendment passed after debate about voting rights and women’s suffrage. Members also recognized guests from the music industry in support of ACR 105, and later adopted HR 44 honoring homeless service providers, with speakers emphasizing the scale of homelessness and the work of frontline workers. Additional guest introductions included representatives from Pakistan and the California Commission on the Status of Women and Girls. The day concluded with adjournment-in-memory tributes for Joel Nilsen and Grace Kojima, followed by announcements of the next session dates and adjournment under the call of the Speaker.

Transcript Highlights:

• So we're spending money like, you know, tenfold over what we've historically spent.
• profits and historic returns.
• They would need to contribute on the same basis that the utilities contribute.
• And participation in the fund means that the public owner would need to contribute financially to the
• the utilities contribute.

Committee: House Utilities and Energy

Summary: The Assembly Committee on Utilities and Energy heard two bills focused on electricity affordability and utility costs. AB 745 would restructure the California Climate Credit by shifting it from lump-sum bill credits to direct reductions in volumetric electricity rates, with the credit timed to summer months when bills are highest. The author and supporting witnesses argued this would better help households during extreme heat and could lower summer rates significantly; supporters also urged consideration of applying the gas climate credit and targeting low-income customers. There was no formal opposition, and the bill passed unanimously, 18-0, to the floor. The committee then took up AB 825, a broader affordability package addressing wildfire mitigation costs, transmission financing, and permitting delays. The bill proposes securitization and removing the first $15 billion of undergrounding capital from utility rate base returns, stronger oversight of wildfire mitigation plans, a public transmission financing program using state and IBank resources, and a task force to review ratepayer-funded programs. Supporters said the bill could produce major long-term savings and improve financing for transmission; opponents and some neutral witnesses raised concerns about liability, wildfire fund participation, impacts on utility credit ratings, and whether the changes could slow undergrounding or destabilize utility finances. After extensive discussion, the committee passed AB 825 to the floor on a 13-0 vote, with several members not voting or reserving their votes.

Transcript Highlights:

• </c> something that um is a big contributing something that um is a big contributing factor<00:32:05.559
• </c> have potential to affect historic have potential to affect historic properties<00:36:53.440><c>
• </c> not complied with State historic not complied with State historic preservation<01:44:37.920><c>
• </c> relating to Historic relating to Historic preservation<01:46:02.040><c> um</c><01:46:02.520><c>
• </c> or 30 days only if no historic or 30 days only if no historic properties<01:46:29.960><c> are</c

Committee: House Housing

Summary: The Housing Committee heard testimony on several housing-related bills. On SB 26, SD 2, relating to affordable housing, the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development explained a prior transit-oriented development study that identified roughly 59,000 possible units and about 25,000 affordable units from known projects, and said the bill would help fill gaps by evaluating additional public lands for housing suitability and possible co-use with existing facilities. Members asked about the need for resources and staffing to do that work, and OPSD said it would need time and consultant support to carry it out. Testimony on the bill included support from state and county housing agencies and comments from planning and land use entities. On SB 66, SD 2, relating to housing and historic preservation review, SHPD and OHA both testified. SHPD said the bill would not override existing burial-site protections and that county staff with proper qualifications could make historic-property determinations locally, while OHA asked for clearer language requiring consultation when Native Hawaiian historic sites are involved and clearer procedures if an adverse effect is found. Committee members and SHPD discussed whether the bill should explicitly preserve existing Chapter 6E processes, whether counties have qualified staff, and how quickly a county would have to decide if it cannot complete the review itself and must use a third-party reviewer. Supporters said the measure could speed permitting and keep decisions local; one opponent argued it could rush approvals and strain infrastructure. The committee also heard support from housing, construction, business, and food-industry groups, and opposition from some preservation and community advocates. The committee then heard SB 332, SD 1, on foreclosure-related protections, with testimony focused on Lānaʻi and concerns about speculative real estate after the foreclosure moratorium ended. SB 414, SD 2, on restoring access to disaster-affected areas, drew support from HHFDC, DHS, and the Maui Chamber; HHFDC noted DOH plans for a temporary paved access road to the Kayola temporary housing site and said agencies were discussing which parcels would be needed. On SB 102, SD 2, relating to affordable housing and third-party historic review, SHPD said it would need to do more upfront screening and that the bill’s timelines and third-party provisions should be clearer; OHA said the measure should include a sunset and better staffing, and asked that the department fill positions to meet review demand. No votes or final committee actions were reported in the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• Historically, the operating budget listed budgeted enrollment for each institution.
• These contributions go into the state's pay-it-forward account.
• House Bill 2148 is purposefully written to accept private contributions.
• It does not require any contributions from the state.
• graduates' mandated contributions, provide the vehicle for future funding.

Bills: HB2148 , HB2132

Committee: House Postsecondary Education & Workforce

Keywords: education, pay it forward program, tuition, student loans, financial aid, state financial aid, financial aid application, postsecondary education, higher education, student aid, Washington Student Achievement Council, public records exemption, privacy, student records, personally identifying information, financial information, data sharing agreement, enrollment assistance, institutional records, FERPA

Transcript Highlights:

• The systems got here in part because of a commitment to paying contributions, full contributions, during
• So we do tend to rely more on historical data for this adjustment piece.
• Next year, we would be considering actual contribution rates.
• If you make more, you contribute more. If you make less, you contribute less.
• And if you don't make anything, you don't contribute anything.

Committee: Joint Pension Funding Council

Summary: The Pension Funding Council met on October 8 with introductions from council members and then heard a presentation from the Office of the State Actuary on long-term economic assumptions and the state pension systems’ financial condition. OSA reported that the combined pension systems were 100% funded as of June 30, 2024, with open plans above 95% funded, and explained that strong investment returns and prior funding policy decisions contributed to that position. The actuaries recommended increasing the inflation assumption from 2.75% to 3%, increasing general salary growth by 0.25%, keeping the Plan 1 membership growth assumption at 1%, and raising the assumed investment return to 7.25% for all plans. They also reviewed estimated budget impacts and explained that investment gains are smoothed over up to eight years, while other assumption changes flow directly into future valuations. The council also heard comments from the Economic and Revenue Forecast Council and the State Investment Board, both of which said their inflation and return outlooks were broadly consistent with the actuary’s recommendations. ERFC discussed inflation trends, the Federal Reserve’s 2% target, and why Seattle-area inflation tends to run above the national average, while SIB said its 15-year inflation assumption is 2.5% and that 7.25% is a reasonable long-term return assumption. Public testimony included support for maintaining Plan 1 funding efforts and caution from the Association of Washington Cities about the budget impact of higher assumptions and the risk of overfunding pensions. The council then considered and adopted a motion to maintain the current prescribed long-term economic assumptions, with a roll call vote of 4-2. It next considered the long-term services and supports trust program and, after hearing an overview from DSHS and OSA, adopted the recommended WA Cares premium rate of 0.58% by a unanimous 6-0 vote. OSA said the WA Cares program is still in its learning phase, with no benefits yet paid, and recommended no premium change at this time regardless of the outcome of the related ballot measure. The council also elected Katie Chapman as chair and then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• And overall, donors contributed about $40 million to communities.
• This is a recommendation to the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.
• The second is to the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.
• Treasury that makes loans to individuals who have historically not had access to credit.
• However, the exact role in contributing to these goals is unclear.

Committee: Joint Citizen Commission for Performance Measurement of Tax Preferences

Summary: The Citizen Commission for Performance Measurement of Tax Preferences met on August 4, 2026, with all five commissioners present. The commission approved the May 26, 2026 minutes, welcomed new commissioner Diane Tabilius, and re-elected Andy Knopfsiger Meadows as chair and Dr. Sharon Keiko as vice chair. JLARC staff also introduced two Evans School interns who are assisting with preliminary research for the 2027 review cycle. JLARC presented preliminary findings on seven tax preference reviews, focusing most heavily on the Main Street communities credit, the Equitable Access to Credit Program, and the urban data center exemption. Staff concluded that the Main Street preference has helped increase the number of communities and businesses and recommended continuing it, while also recommending that DAHP collect more detailed and standardized business-count data. The Equitable Access to Credit Program was found to support underserved communities and was also recommended for continuation. The urban data center exemption was found to have been used only for refurbishment projects, not new construction, and staff recommended letting it expire; commissioners and Representative Paulette discussed the need for better performance measures, cost-per-job analysis, and clearer legislative intent language in tax preference statements. Staff then reviewed airplane modification, landfill biogas, automotive adaptive equipment, and housing for people with developmental disabilities. The airplane modification preference was found to likely support jobs and state tax revenue and was recommended for continuation. The landfill biogas preference was also recommended for continuation, with a suggestion for more detailed reporting on use and renewable natural gas production. The automotive adaptive equipment exemption was found to continue providing relief to disabled veterans and service members and was recommended for continuation, while the housing transfer exemption for adults with developmental disabilities had not been used and was recommended to expire. No public testimony was taken at this meeting, and the commission noted that public testimony would be heard at its September meeting before final comments are adopted in October.

Transcript Highlights:

• Johns County, including historic St. Augustine and Flagler County.
• years of Florida's historical and archaeological resources and preserving our state's rich historical
• This is a record historic five-year capital plan.
• It is a record historic five-year capital plan and also a record historic annual budget for this current
• This is a record historic five-year capital plan and also a record historic annual budget for this current

Summary: The Transportation and Economic Development Budget Subcommittee met to organize for the session, take roll, and hear introductory remarks from members and agency heads. Members briefly introduced themselves and their districts, with several noting transportation, economic development, emergency response, military, and hurricane recovery issues in their areas. Chair Shove then outlined the subcommittee’s jurisdiction and current-year budget, noting a total of about $20.3 billion, with most funding coming from trust funds and only a small share from general revenue. The committee also heard that upcoming meetings would include presentations from major agencies in the subcommittee’s purview. The first agency presentation was from the Department of Military Affairs and the Florida National Guard. Major General John Haas described the Guard’s three missions—supporting national security, responding to state emergencies, and adding value to the state—and highlighted deployments for hurricanes, border security support, and ongoing support to the Department of Corrections. He emphasized that the Guard is understrength relative to Florida’s size and demand, said recruiting is strong, and identified force structure growth as the main challenge. Members asked about aircraft, funding sources, and recruiting; Haas explained the Guard’s helicopter and fixed-wing fleet, said aircraft purchases are funded through legislative appropriations, and reported strong interest in the Florida State Guard’s recruiting pipeline. Executive Director Mark Thieme then described the Florida State Guard’s expansion into air, ground, and maritime capabilities, including Black Hawks, boats, drones, canine search-and-rescue teams, and ground support units. He said the agency supported immigration enforcement and hurricane response, and asked for continued legislative support to expand aviation, maritime, and medical capabilities. Members praised the Guard’s disaster response work and asked about aircraft, funding, and staffing. Secretary Cord Byrd of the Department of State followed, focusing on election administration, election security, the SunBiz and voter registration IT systems, arts and culture, corporations, libraries, and historical resources. He said Florida’s election system remains a national model, reported two prosecutions for non-citizen voting, and discussed modernization needs for legacy IT systems. The committee also asked about voter lookup tools, password privacy for SunBiz, and arts funding vetoes. Secretary Alex Kelly of the Department of Commerce described the agency’s broad portfolio, including workforce, economic, community, and international commerce functions, plus housing recovery, broadband, small business support, rural infrastructure, defense-community grants, and law enforcement recruitment bonuses. He said access to capital is the biggest barrier for small businesses and noted ongoing work with CareerSource, the Department of Corrections, and other partners on workforce and reentry. Secretary Jared Perdue of the Department of Transportation then outlined FDOT’s record budget and five-year work program, emphasizing emergency response, preservation and maintenance, safety, and major investments in roads, ports, airports, transit, and spaceport infrastructure. He said the department has removed millions of cubic yards of storm debris, is ahead of schedule on the Moving Florida Forward initiative, and faces a large unfunded project backlog. Members asked about supply chain issues, project priorities, and workforce needs, and Perdue said FDOT is open to collaboration on recruitment and retention.

Transcript Highlights:

• Today, there are... ...contributing groups in our nation.
• Their contributions to the public service, science, and...
• While this moment carries such historical significance, it also acknowledges the contributions of the
• This moment carries such historical significance, and it also acknowledges the contributions of the rich
• People from around the world contribute their labor, traditions, and gifts to a shared future.

Summary: The Senate convened with a quorum, opened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, approved the journals, and took up motions to remove several measures from the inactive file, including S.J.R. 9, SB 626, and SCR 89. The main item on the floor was SCR 106 by Senator Choi, which recognized January 13 as Korean American Day and highlighted the history and contributions of Korean Americans in California and nationwide. Senator Choi and many members spoke in support, citing Korean American business, civic, cultural, military, and community contributions, as well as local Korean American communities and landmarks across their districts. The resolution was adopted on a 38-0 vote. After passage, Senator Choi introduced Korean American guests in the chamber and invited members to a reception. The Senate then returned to motions and committee announcements, including upcoming meetings of the Senate Energy, Utilities and Communications Committee and the Senate Human Services Committee. Members also requested that SB 626 be returned to the Assembly for amendments. The remainder of the session was devoted to adjournment memorials. Senators Umberg, Allen, Pérez, and Menjivar honored Monica Lynn Martinez-Hays, victims of the Palisades and Eaton fires, and Sergeant Adrian Carrillo, respectively. The memorials recounted the lives and community service of the deceased and emphasized ongoing grief, recovery, and support for affected families and communities. The Senate announced it would recess until the next scheduled floor session on Friday, January 16 at 9 a.m.

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm the executive director at the Kentucky Historical Society. I'm glad to see you.
• I'm the executive director at the Kentucky Historical Society. I'm glad to see you.
• I have the privilege of representing the members of the Kentucky Historical Society.
• I have the privilege of representing the members of the Kentucky Historical Society.
• I have the privilege of representing the members of the Kentucky Historical Society.

Summary: The Senate Standing Committee on Economic Development, Tourism, and Labor met and first took up Senate Bill 76, sponsored by Senator Greg Elkins. The bill would raise the construction retainage/escrow statute threshold from $500,000 to $2 million to reflect inflation, and would also make any contract term waiving the escrow protection void and unenforceable. Elkins said the measure would not apply to government contracts and was intended to protect contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers from delayed payment. The committee voted 9-0 to pass the bill with a favorable expression and send it to the floor. The committee then considered Senate Bill 59, sponsored by Senator Jimmy Higdon, with a committee substitute adopted first. Higdon said the substitute limited the bill to existing church property and the measure would allow religious institutions to build affordable housing on their property while still requiring local governing-body approval and compliance with building codes. Supporters framed it as a housing-supply tool and a way to use nonprofits and churches to help address Kentucky’s housing shortage, while questions focused on tax impacts, local control, and whether the bill could be used for single-family homes or other developments. A public witness from Henry County opposed the bill, arguing it could enable discriminatory housing and reduce local tax revenue. After discussion, the committee voted 9-0 to pass SB 59 with a favorable expression. Finally, the committee heard Senate Bill 313 from Senator Phillip Wheeler, which would designate June as Kentucky History Month. Wheeler and Kentucky Historical Society Executive Director Scott Alvi said the bill would help promote Kentucky history statewide, especially in connection with the U.S. 250th commemoration in 2026, and would build on existing June observances such as Statehood Day and Boone Day. The committee approved the bill with favorable expression, and the chair announced it would proceed to the floor.

Transcript Highlights:

• Rest assured, Joseph Bell, testifying neutrally on behalf of the Texas Historical Commission.
• Joseph Bell, Texas Historical Commission and Executive Director.
• Joseph Bell with the Texas Historical Commission.
• Rod Welsh, State Preservation Board, and Joseph Bell with Texas Historical Commission.
• I just want to know how you all are working to accurately represent those contributions.

Committee: House Culture, Recreation & Tourism

Transcript Highlights:

• of the Dakota and Anisha contributions of the Dakota and Anisha Ojiway<00:11:17.040><c> peoples</c><
• Whereas the state of Minnesota acknowledges<00:11:27.279><c> the</c><00:11:27.519><c> historical</c><
• 00:11:28.160><c> and</c><00:11:28.480><c> ongoing</c> acknowledges the historical and ongoing acknowledges
• the historical and ongoing injustices<00:11:30.000><c> faced</c><00:11:30.399><c> by</c><00:11:30.640
• </c><00:12:15.680><c> of</c> histories, cultures and contributions of histories, cultures and contributions