Transcript Highlights:

• But these attacks target our government institutions and our critical infrastructure, and individuals
• These attacks target our government institutions and our critical infrastructure, and individuals are
• institutions, we're talking about information systems, we're talking about financial systems, infrastructure
• institutions, we're talking about information systems, we're talking about financial systems, infrastructure
• CalSIC safeguards California's economy, critical infrastructure, and public trust by reducing the likelihood

Summary: The Assembly Select Committee on Cybersecurity and the Assembly Committee on Emergency Management held a joint informational hearing focused on maximizing the value of state cybersecurity investments, especially by fully using security features already included in existing vendor contracts. The first panel included representatives from Microsoft, Zscaler, and Palo Alto Networks, who described the products and services they provide to California and generally agreed that agencies often have strong adoption in some areas but still face challenges from tool overlap, limited staff, lack of awareness of available features, and the need for ongoing training and configuration support. They also discussed major threats such as ransomware, data loss, attack-surface exposure, IoT/OT vulnerabilities, and the growing role of AI in both attacks and defenses. Members pressed the vendors on whether state departments underuse purchased cybersecurity tools, how to improve utilization, and how to address the cybersecurity workforce shortage. The vendors said utilization is often constrained by staffing, procurement complexity, and the need to align tools with agency missions and maturity levels, but emphasized that training, leadership buy-in, and regular vendor-agency collaboration can improve results. They also discussed how AI can help with phishing triage, data-loss prevention, and security operations, while warning that agencies must manage AI safely and with human oversight. The second panel featured officials from the Department of Technology, Cal OES/CalSIC, and the California Military Department. They described statewide oversight efforts including audits, independent security assessments, continuous monitoring, advisory services, vulnerability disclosure programs, and workforce development initiatives such as the Information Security Leadership Academy and Cybersecurity Education Summit. Officials said some underutilization is real, but it is often tied to differing agency maturity, overlapping tools, and deliberate feature restrictions to reduce attack surface and complexity; they emphasized a balanced approach using people, process, and technology, with plans of action and milestones to hold departments accountable. They also noted federal uncertainty around MS-ISAC and the state and local cybersecurity grant program, saying California is advocating through federal partners and monitoring the impact. The hearing ended after public comment and adjournment.

Transcript Highlights:

• those physical infrastructure pieces. those physical infrastructure pieces.
• , all of that for that infrastructure, all of that for that infrastructure, right?
• <01:47:07.600> was<01:47:07.920> originally infrastructure was originally infrastructure
• <01:48:41.040> Obviously particular infrastructure. Obviously particular infrastructure.
• whatever your infrastructure is, right? whatever your infrastructure is, right?

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Infrastructure will be less volatility.
• We know that infrastructure can freeze.
• <03:23:34.560> Uh infrastructure and energy generation.
• Uh infrastructure and energy generation.
• <03:34:24.720> that paying for private infrastructure that paying for private infrastructure

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Wednesday, February 25, 2026, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The amount of resources and the amount of infrastructure you need to support that type of development
• The amount of resources and the amount of infrastructure you need to support that type of development
• <01:57:29.280> needs critical Capital infrastructure needs critical Capital infrastructure
• this bill as a hindrance to developing that infrastructure.
• <02:16:36.000> and<02:16:36.080> Energy around infrastructure and Energy around infrastructure

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• we provide digital asset infrastructure we provide digital asset infrastructure is<00:56:45.119>
• <01:00:53.839> as<01:00:54.000> a we have these infrastructure as a we have these infrastructure
• utilizing all the infrastructure utilizing all the infrastructure underneath<01:01:06.160> which
• <01:01:43.119> SoFi the infrastructure provider for SoFi the infrastructure provider for SoFi
• <01:01:59.440> below take uh all of our infrastructure below take uh all of our infrastructure

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Summary: The meeting began with roll call and introductions of commission members and guests, followed by approval of the agenda and a motion to approve the February 10 minutes with a correction clarifying that one quoted statement was misattributed. The commission then moved into presentations. The main presentation came from the Conference of State Bank Supervisors on implementation of the federal GENIUS Act for stablecoins. The speaker reviewed the OCC’s recent 367-page proposed rule, noting it raises many open questions and design choices for states, and discussed expected upcoming rulemaking from the FDIC, Federal Reserve, and Treasury. The presentation focused on six areas: permissible issuer activities, reserve assets and redemption, risk management and supervision, treatment of state-qualified issuers, capital/operational backstops, and foreign issuers. It also flagged unresolved issues around Bank Secrecy Act/AML requirements and the meaning of “digital asset service provider” activities. A substantial portion of the discussion addressed yield restrictions, with the presenter explaining the OCC’s broad definition of yield and its rebuttable presumption against issuer-affiliated or related third-party yield arrangements. The speaker said this likely forecloses many existing white-label structures but leaves some room for third-party payments depending on distance from the issuer, and noted ongoing Senate debate over similar provisions. The presentation also covered reserve valuation, liquidity and diversification requirements, redemption timing, and supervisory expectations such as third-party oversight, IT security, exam cycles, and reporting. No additional votes or formal actions were taken beyond approving the amended minutes.

Transcript Highlights:

• There's also, of course, onsite infrastructure that needs to be constructed.
• > to<01:13:43.440> be infrastructure that needs to be infrastructure that needs to be constructed
• Just to clarify that infrastructure.
• Well, of part of any development, you got to have off-site, on-site infrastructure.
• And what we find on-site infrastructure.

Bills: HB1604, HB1713, HB1722, HB2270, HB2401, HB2515, HB1979, HB1593, HB1743, HB2122, HB1756, HB1837, HB1729

Keywords: agriculture, housing, workforce, land use, zoning, public-private partnerships, tax credit, school impact fees, impact fee exemption, school facilities authority, residential development, housing shortage, affordable housing, infill housing, land dedication, fee in lieu, school construction, developer exactions, fair share contributions, education contribution agreement

Summary: The committee heard testimony on HB 1604, which would create an agricultural workforce housing group within the Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity to address shortages of farmworker housing. The department said it supported the bill’s intent but emphasized that the group’s early work should focus on gathering data and surveying farm operators to assess actual demand, to avoid “mission creep.” Testimony from the City and County of Honolulu Office of Economic Revitalization, Hawaii Farmers Union, Hawaii Farm Bureau, Housing Hawaii’s Future, and the Maui Chamber of Commerce was in support, with one witness suggesting a housing advocacy nonprofit be added to the working group for balance. The committee then discussed HB 1713 on school impact fees, which would clarify exemptions for certain affordable housing projects and exempt new residential developments of fewer than 100 units. The Attorney General’s office said the bill should define “low to moderate income households” because that term is not defined in chapter 302A. HHFDC, the School Facilities Authority, Grassroot Institute of Hawaii, and others supported the measure, arguing it would reduce administrative burden and remove barriers to housing. Members questioned whether the bill should instead repeal the school impact fee entirely; supporters said they also favored full repeal but viewed this bill as a more feasible step. The School Facilities Authority also explained that about $28 million in school impact fees had been collected across four districts and none had yet been spent, and discussed how recent nexus requirements limit how the funds can be used. HB 1722, relating to residential condominiums, drew extensive testimony and questioning. HCDA supported the bill and explained that it amends the 99-year leasehold pilot program created by Act 97 of 2023 by reducing owner-occupancy restrictions from 100% of units to 60%, allowing some rental or subleasing flexibility for the owner-occupied units, and permitting up to 40% of units to be sold to qualified residents after being on the market for more than 60 days. HCDA said the original restrictions, combined with rising construction costs, higher interest rates, and competition from nearby projects, made the pilot project difficult to market and finance; it said the changes are needed to make the project feasible and competitive. Supporters including AP Hawaii, Kila LLC, and project representatives said the amendments would help make the demonstration project in Kakaʻako viable. Some members raised concerns that the changes could weaken long-term affordability and questioned why certain ownership language was being deleted if rentals would still be restricted. No votes or final committee actions were taken in the portion of the hearing provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:07:03.440> so<00:07:03.599> that how do we fix the infrastructure so that how do
• can help us uh fix those infrastructure can help us uh fix those infrastructure and<00:08:09.159
• the infrastructure challenges in certain<00:09:14.920> identified<00:09:15.600> corridors<
• <00:09:24.959> and state where various infrastructure and state where various infrastructure
• We can't solve it by infrastructure.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• general obligation, which is for the city of Inver Grove Heights, funding to support roads and infrastructure
• general obligation, which is for the city of Inver Grove Heights, funding to support roads and infrastructure
• support Inver Grove Heights, funding to support roads<00:01:10.160> and<00:01:10.280> infrastructure
• ,<00:01:11.760> and<00:01:11.960> then<00:01:12.240> also roads and infrastructure
• , and then also roads and infrastructure, and then also 20<00:01:13.000> million<00:01:14.000>

Keywords: 919, house, all

Summary: Representative Clardy introduced House File 4238, seeking a $5 million state general obligation investment for roads and infrastructure in Inver Grove Heights tied to the planned Minnesota Hockey Hall of Fame project, along with a separate requested $20 million cash appropriation for the facility itself. He described the bill as having statewide value and asked to focus first on the $5 million GO request. Mayor Brenda Dietrich and Community Development Director Jason Ziemer testified in support, calling the Hall of Fame a once-in-a-lifetime, transformative project for the city, the Twin Cities region, and the state. They said Inver Grove Heights expects to invest $14 million to $17 million locally for land acquisition and site improvements, and that the state funds would help pay for roads, utilities, stormwater work, grading, and right-of-way needs. They also emphasized that the public investment would support broader economic development in the area and accommodate a future I-494 interchange. Members asked about long-term ownership and maintenance, and were told the facility would be privately owned, with a developer owning about half and the Minnesota Hockey Hall of Fame nonprofit owning the ice arena portion. Another question raised whether the project would compete with the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame; testifiers said it would instead work in tandem, with collaboration on exhibits and a potential benefit to the Eveleth institution. No vote or formal action was taken in the portion of the meeting shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• FACILITIES TO ACHIEVE ADOPTED LEVEL OF SERVICE STANDARDS, COULD THIS LEAD TO CONGESTION OR OUR INFRASTRUCTURE
• MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE NOT HINDERING AND MAKING IT HARDER, I HEAR FROM OUR FIREFIGHTERS THAT OUR INFRASTRUCTURE
• FOR NONCONFORMING TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES TO FDOT, CLARIFIES PROJECTS ELIGIBLE FOR THE SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE
• INVESTMENT PROGRAM TO ELIGIBLE FOR THE SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT PROGRAM TO INCLUDE INFRASTRUCTURE

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• He said the state of Minnesota does not have the infrastructure to handle this.
• They just do not have the infrastructure right now to support this change.
• <00:17:34.360> right just don't have the infrastructure right just don't have the infrastructure
• We completely just bulldozed this through without allowing the infrastructure to actually get in place
• We completely just bulldozed this through without allowing the infrastructure to actually get in place

Keywords: 919, house, all

Summary: The House took up Senate File 4760, a public safety package, and first adopted an amendment to insert House language into the Senate file. Members then heard brief explanations of several included provisions, including a section from House File 3870 that would make Office of Justice Programs research and victim-related data private, clarify privacy for data collected by the Missing and Murdered Black Women and Girls office and the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Relatives office, and remove outdated statutory language. Representative Novotny also described the package as combining a number of previously passed stand-alone bills and a few additional provisions. The chamber then adopted amendments A5, A7, and A8. A5 inserted House language and adjusted an effective date related to public employer discretion in hiring; A7 allowed the Office of Legislative Auditor to request BCA fingerprinting and federal tax information as required by federal rules; and A8 clarified language affecting jail medical services and custody-related safeguards after collaboration among Representative Witty, the sheriffs association, the Department of Corrections, and advocates. Representatives Hansen, Moller, and Witty all urged support for those changes. A proposed A3 amendment from Representative Duran, which would have kept the current age of delinquency rather than implementing the previously enacted change, drew extensive debate. Supporters argued counties, law enforcement, and other stakeholders were not ready for the change and lacked infrastructure, while opponents said the 2024 law was intended to address serious gaps in juvenile justice and child welfare and should take effect as planned. After a roll call, the House rejected A3 by a vote of 66 yeas to 67 nays. The transcript then indicates another Duran amendment, A2, was called up, but the excerpt ends before its disposition.

Transcript Highlights:

• For line number 34, $10 million for local public safety infrastructure.
• For line number 34, $10 million for local public safety infrastructure.
• This is infrastructure for tourism-related projects.
• Then in line 69 for the outdoor infrastructure grants, I was surprised, Mr.
• But the infrastructure was in place.

Summary: The Department of Public Safety presented its FY27 budget request, emphasizing three priorities: improving community engagement through a redesigned website and outreach, expanding statewide data and intelligence integration through intelligence-led policing, and improving emergency response and officer safety through fleet replacement, a driving track, and a requested helicopter. DPS said much of its increase is driven by rising health care premiums, and it is also seeking special appropriations for fleet replacement, the website rebuild, and an Honor Guard program created after the 2022 helicopter crash that killed four public servants. Members asked about vacancies, fleet costs, cybersecurity compliance, the real-time crime center, EV fleet participation, and the Metro DPS facility. DPS said its vacancy rate is about 9%, its fleet replacement needs are driven by mileage and condition, it is compliant with federal CJIS standards even though DoIT has raised concerns, the real-time crime center would be built as a regional model to complement Albuquerque’s center, and the Metro facility is moving toward a January groundbreaking. Committee members also discussed several DPS-related capital and IT requests, including the intelligence-led policing data lake, recurring maintenance for critical systems, and a $5.6 million reauthorization for state crime lab DNA backlog work and a $900,000 reauthorization for fingerprinting equipment. DPS explained that the website request is high because the current site must be rebuilt from scratch to support missing-person alerts, memorial updates, ADA compliance, and better communication with law enforcement and the public. Members also raised concerns about speed enforcement, construction-zone cameras, and whether EVs are practical for patrol use; DPS said it is not pursuing speed cameras and is only partially participating in the state EV initiative because patrol needs make full electrification difficult. The committee then received an LFC quarterly update on non-recurring appropriations from the 2025 General Appropriation Act. LFC reported that of the $1.4 billion appropriated in Section 5, $164 million had been expended and $333 million encumbered, leaving $897.4 million unspent, which is a slower pace than the prior year. Staff highlighted a number of reauthorization requests and slow-moving projects across agencies, including AOC cybersecurity funding, DFA housing and public safety grants, DoIT cybersecurity and higher education funds, EDD economic development and energy programs, OSI mitigation and malpractice funds, EMNRD energy and geothermal grants, Health Care Authority behavioral health-related appropriations, DPS crime lab and fingerprinting funds, PED career technical education and special education initiatives, and higher education loan repayment and technology funds. Members questioned why some large appropriations had little or no spending, discussed the need to monitor reauthorizations more closely, and asked for follow-up on several specific line items and project balances.

Transcript Highlights:

• transit rider and with more than 30 years of experience implementing transportation policy and infrastructure
• as the CFO and deputy administrator at the Federal Transit Administration, and worked on major infrastructure
• As a... ...and worked on major infrastructure projects in the private sector at Parsons-Sprinker-Haw.
• of our bus system, and we worked with the MTA to create seven rapid bus routes, building the infrastructure
• And that experience has given me a deep perspective on how transportation infrastructure shapes economic

Keywords: 993, senate, all

Summary: The joint meeting of the Senate Finance, Corporations, Authorities and Commissions, and Transportation committees considered four nominations to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority board: Melanie Hartzog, Jeanette Sadecott, Matthew Rand, and James O’Donnell. Each nominee gave opening remarks describing their public service or transportation-related experience and their interest in issues such as affordability, accessibility, state of good repair, regional connectivity, and transit safety. Senators also raised concerns about MTA transparency, the 2025-29 capital plan funding gap, fare and toll evasion, worker safety, and the need for better service in underserved areas. Members pressed the nominees on several policy questions, including the feasibility of free or reduced-fare buses, expanding bus service and bus lanes, restoring Hudson Valley and Harlem Line service, improving west-of-Hudson and Rockland County transit, and advancing the Second Avenue Subway and accessibility projects. The nominees generally said they were open to studying these ideas, emphasized collaboration with the MTA, governor, mayor, and legislature, and supported greater transparency and investment in transit infrastructure. Senators also highlighted labor concerns, including the MTA workers’ contract and safety for bus operators and other transit workers. At the end of the hearing, the committees voted separately on each nomination. Melanie Hartzog, Jeanette Sadecott, Matthew Rand, and James O’Donnell were each approved by the committees and advanced to the Senate floor. The meeting then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• , not our infrastructure, but in private projects that are going on down there. >> Yeah.
• The 2022 Infrastructure Match Fund,...
• The<00:26:51.600> 2022<00:26:52.560> Infrastructure<00:26:53.240> Match<00:26:53.600
• > Fund, The 2022 Infrastructure Match Fund, that’s the IIJA match fund that we have for MDOT,
• The Development Infrastructure Fund, it’s the DIP program, that’s $5 million.

Keywords: MS Senate Floor - 2 April, 2026; 10:00 AM, 925, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Many, many thousands of Irish were involved in that as well as also of our infrastructure.
• tradition of being very important in our trades, our workers who construct and maintain all kinds of infrastructure
• BUILDING THE ERIE CANAL, MANY, MANY THOUSANDS OF IRISH WERE INVOLVED IN THAT AS WELL AS ALSO OF OUR INFRASTRUCTURE
• This isn't about some kind of lefty plot, this is about infrastructure and how we support the institutions
• THIS ISN'T ABOUT SOME KIND OF LEFTY PLOT, THIS IS ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOW WE SUPPORT THE INSTITUTIONS

Keywords: 993, senate, all

Summary: The Senate met on March 13, 2026, approved the prior day’s journal, received a message discharging Assembly Bill 2330 from committee and substituting identical Senate Bill 5843, and welcomed visiting delegations from Connecticut. The chamber also adopted privileged resolution J.1753, honoring Saint Patrick and Irish Americans and memorializing the Governor to proclaim March 2026 as Irish American Heritage Month. Senators Kavanagh and Fahy spoke in support, emphasizing Irish heritage, immigration, public service, and the St. Patrick’s Day tradition; the resolution was adopted and opened for co-sponsorship. The Senate then acted on a series of bills on the calendar. Measures passed included bills by Senators Hinchey, Comrie, Skoufis, Stavisky, Sanders, Kavanagh, Gianaris, Cleare, and others, with several receiving unanimous support and a few drawing recorded negative votes. Senator Fernandez’s education bill related to placing opioid antagonists with AEDs and first aid kits in schools passed 60-1 after supportive remarks from Senators Oberacker and Fernandez. A bill authorizing a study on lithium-ion battery fires also passed unanimously, with Senators Borrello and Weik explaining affirmative votes while urging caution about electric bus mandates. The most debated item was Calendar 446, Senator May’s bill directing the Department of Economic Development to move the Central New York Welcome Center from Destiny USA to the Equal Rights Heritage Center in Auburn. Senator Walczyk questioned the move’s cost, location, visitor traffic, and local support, arguing Destiny USA was the better site; Senator May responded that the state had built the Auburn facility and should provide sustainable operating support. The bill passed 47-15. The Senate then completed the controversial calendar and adjourned until Tuesday, March 17, 2026, at 3:00 p.m.

Transcript Highlights:

• did sign off on was a bonding bill that really focused on roads, bridges, drinking water, those infrastructure
• c> things<00:04:13.599> that<00:04:14.159> motans<00:04:14.959> need infrastructure
• things that motans need infrastructure things that motans need across<00:04:15.760> the<00:04
• Do we want to take care of our communities and our infrastructure across the state?
• Do we want to take care of our communities and our infrastructure across the state?

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• for the assistance of public entities in the purchase of electric vehicles and related charging infrastructure
• From the community benefit fund for electric vehicle charging infrastructure for school districts, including
• PS you'll see funding for school infrastructure is based on standards or systems-based awards in which
• SB 401 authorizes the use of severance tax bonds proceeds for education, technology, infrastructure.
• allows OAI to certify up to $10 million in severance tax funds annually for education, technology, infrastructure

Transcript Highlights:

• Can I ask you if the existing infrastructure fund has capacity to deal with this situation? Chair.
• So obviously, infrastructure is very expensive.
• You know, it's very hard for communities to afford that because of the cost of the infrastructure.
• looking for that grant funding. ...hard for communities to afford that because of the cost of the infrastructure
• .. ...well, I'm also kind of confused if, you know, if we don't adopt the funding, it's a low infrastructure

Bills: SB2015

Keywords: corrections, rehabilitation, prison budget, department of corrections, adult services, youth services, correctional facilities, Heart River correctional center, Missouri River correctional center, James River correctional center, minimum security facility, county jails, regional jails, deferred maintenance, capital construction, strategic investment and improvements fund, Bank of North Dakota, line of credit, tasers, body cameras

Summary: The committee first discussed a wastewater infrastructure bill, centered on whether state support should be provided as a grant or through the existing Clean Water State Revolving Fund as a low-interest loan program. Department of Environmental Quality official David Brushwine explained that the SRF already finances wastewater projects, can leverage federal funds with state bond proceeds, and could accommodate the Washburn, Lincoln, and Peasant projects if they are ready to proceed. Members noted that losing federal grant support would make projects harder for local residents to afford because costs would be recovered through utility rates or special assessments, but the projects would still be eligible for loans. Senator Magrum indicated he would likely concur with the budget after this discussion, and the bill was set aside for later consideration. The committee then turned to a proposed amendment for a four-plex housing project for people with disabilities or other special needs. Senator Mathern described Sections 7 and 8 as creating a design consultation appropriation and a revolving loan fund modeled on existing hospital and nursing home loan programs, while Section 9 would transfer $3.3 million from the state infrastructure fund. Members debated ownership, rent subsidies, repayment terms, and whether the state should finance the project directly or leave it to a private developer with Department of Human Services oversight. Concerns were raised that the state should not own the housing and that the proposal needed more work to be workable, but the committee ultimately reached consensus to adopt Sections 7 and 8 and leave out Section 9 for further conference committee discussion. The committee also reviewed provider inflation and long-term care rate issues, with members discussing whether to support a 2% and 1.5% inflation adjustment and how to handle the $5-per-day basic care rate. Staff explained that the $5 payment was already in the base budget, but members debated whether it should remain ongoing or be treated as one-time funding and paired with a study of rate rebasing. The committee agreed to have draft language prepared to remove the $5 from the base budget and add study language, then moved the bill forward for drafting.

Transcript Highlights:

• authorizing energy infrastructure authorizing energy infrastructure construction<02:52:23.680>
• I thank Representative infrastructure.
• building energy infrastructure building energy infrastructure connecting<02:55:50.479> our
• Speaker, our infrastructure act. Mr.
• the turbines and the the infrastructure the turbines and the the infrastructure to<04:26:10.239>

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Thursday, September 18, 2025, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• So it includes nonprofits, it includes businesses, it actually includes community infrastructure.
• <00:12:58.959> um<00:12:59.519> we includes community infrastructure um we includes
• community infrastructure um we do<00:13:00.079> not<00:13:00.560> have<00:13:01.200>
• Um, we can also do community<00:13:25.680> infrastructure,<00:13:26.880> you<00:13:27.120
• > know, community infrastructure, you know, community infrastructure, you know, intersection<00

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Um, and so when I still have to do infrastructure, I have to go to my general fund.
• We have to use that for transportation infrastructure.
• They fund transportation infrastructure.
• Do we have declining infrastructure that we need to replace?
• This is primarily for infrastructure.

Summary: The Committee on Community Affairs convened with a quorum and took up SB 308, a bill related to the Florida Museum of Black History. The bill would establish a Florida Museum of Black History Board of Directors and direct it to work with a supporting nonprofit foundation, while also requiring the St. Johns County Board of County Commissioners to provide administrative assistance and staffing until planning, design, and engineering are complete. With no appearance forms or debate, the committee voted the bill favorably. The remainder of the meeting was an informational briefing from the Florida Association of Counties and the Florida League of Cities on local government budgeting practices. Presenters explained how counties and cities develop budgets, the legal framework governing property taxes and other revenues, the distinction between restricted and unrestricted funds, and the role of constitutional officers, public safety, debt, pensions, and capital planning. They emphasized that most local revenues are restricted by law, that general funds are the main discretionary source, and that local governments must balance annual budgets while meeting mandated service levels. The presenters also discussed how property taxes, fees, local option taxes, and state-shared revenues support local services, and they highlighted the fiscal pressures created by public safety, emergency management, infrastructure, and retirement costs. Members asked questions about the share of local revenue that is unrestricted and the implications for any proposal to eliminate property taxes. The presenters responded that only a portion of county and municipal revenue is flexible, with much of it dedicated to specific purposes by law.