Video & Transcript Research : 'shelf programs'

Page 178 of 500
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Ways and Means (01/29/2025)

Ways and Means

Transcript Highlights:
  • behind the tax credit program.
  • behind the tax credit program.
  • If we have programs to support them, and this program does that, we use it regularly.
  • If we have programs to support them, and this program does that, we use it regularly.
  • If we have programs to support them, and this program does that, we use it regularly.
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Psilocybin therapeutic use program established 3/9/26

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • This is a pilot program.
  • I believe programs like this represent important steps.
  • In both Oregon and Colorado, regulated psilocybin programs already exist.
  • Psilocybin programs already exist.
  • and 7.2, where that program evaluation is talked about.
Keywords: 1183, house
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • My last question is concerning the guardian program.
  • My last question is concerning the guardian program.
  • Let me shift to the Guardian program.
  • lot of questions and concerns about what might happen with the Guardian program.
  • It's such a popular program.
Summary: The Appropriations Committee on Pre-K-12 Education received a presentation from the Governor’s Office of Policy and Budget and the Department of Education on the Governor’s fiscal year 2026-27 education budget. Shelby Salmons outlined the overall budget framework, and Commissioner Stasi Kamoutsis highlighted major education investments, including $486 million for VPK, $30.6 billion for K-12 education, a $761.1 million increase in FEFP funding, the highest per-student funding level to date, and $201 million more for teacher pay flexibility. The presentation also emphasized school safety, mental health, civics education, and the Guardian Program, along with continued funding for TEACH, HIPPY, Help Me Grow, and civics debate and literacy initiatives. Members asked about how the mental health allocation would be used, counselor staffing ratios, school closures and whether the department intervenes, oversight of school choice and voucher-funded schools, and the Guardian Program’s pay structure and effectiveness. Senators also raised concerns about the FISH school capacity report, data collection, teacher pay, professional development, AI and tutoring technology, and whether the budget adequately supports mental health services and school safety. The Commissioner said many funding decisions are left to districts, that the department stands ready to assist, and that the Guardian Program has been successful and expanded over time. During public testimony, Pinellas County School Board member Laura Hine said her district spends far more on safety and mental health than it receives in state categorical funding, and urged the committee to consider full-day VPK funding, arguing it has improved third-grade reading outcomes in Pinellas. Senators followed up on district flexibility and local spending choices. The committee took no substantive vote on the budget presentation and adjourned after thanking the department for its recommendations and partnership.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Taxes Committee Meeting - 2025-04-10

Taxes

Transcript Highlights:
  • These are just a few ways the fee-based program is unsustainable.
  • Has a private letter ruling program or not.
  • the successful federal program that's been implemented.
  • Yeah, it's a 12-month long program.
  • This is a program that has been in place since 2007.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • In addition, we need staff to run the program.
  • And this program could probably be best compared to the Hela MOA program in the Department of Labor.
  • Helmo is an internship program and of Helmo is an internship program and of course<00:09:36.160> that's
  • So that would be judiciary, DOE, and the counties. program. We do ask for an amendment to program.
  • Um program for Hawaii for many years.
Keywords: 910, house, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

House Finance Division II (03/19/2025)

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:15:49.040> virtually cutting every other program virtually cutting every other program
  • states and and applies to this program states and and applies to this program too<00:18:25.360><
  • being drawn um into the the EFA program being drawn um into the the EFA program it's<00:24:26.440
  • <00:29:01.240> thank programs thank programs thank you<00:29:03.279> yeah<00:29:03.440>
  • And this program does not do that.
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The Division 2 Finance Committee work session focused primarily on House Bill 115 and a proposed amendment, 114H, which would carry over language from HB 2 into HB 115 and place limits on Education Freedom Accounts (EFAs). Representative Murray described the amendment as a way to keep the 350% federal poverty eligibility cap, require students to have attended a charter public school in grades K-12 for the preceding year before entering the voucher system, and add guardrails against universal eligibility. She argued the state was facing a severe budget crisis, that expanding EFAs would divert money from other programs, and that public testimony and local votes showed widespread opposition to expansion. She also cited a letter from former Finance chair Neil Kirk opposing expansion. Other members responded that the committee should not revisit policy already decided by the House, though some said the amendment was fair to discuss because of its fiscal implications and supported it on that basis. The discussion then broadened into a debate over the fiscal impact of universal vouchers and the reliability of enrollment and cost estimates. Representative Luno argued that prior EFA projections had relied on assumptions that could badly underestimate state exposure, pointing to Arizona as a cautionary example and saying New Hampshire should not expand the program without better analysis. Representative Papovich similarly warned that universal eligibility could create a large, unexpected cost, estimating a potential exposure of about $285 million based on school-age children not currently in public, charter, or EFA programs. In contrast, Representative Weyler said EFAs can save money because public school spending is already high and parents using EFAs still pay taxes and take on more responsibility for their children’s education. After discussion, Representative Murray moved to accept the amendment, and Representative Bean seconded it. There was some procedural clarification about voting on the original bill and the amendment. The transcript ends before a final recorded vote on the amendment or on HB 115 itself, though the committee had also been told it would likely reconsider several retained bills later in the week, including HB 129, HB 133, HB 671, and HB 781.
AR
Transcript Highlights:
  • In case you're unaware, the federal government has a program that they call the Continuum of Care program
  • Support law enforcement interventions and diversion programs.
  • And so there you're able to actually find, ...program level.
  • , for SSDI, for housing, all these different programs?
  • States can compete against the continuum of care programs.
Keywords: 1204, all
Summary: The committee first heard a presentation on homelessness in Arkansas, with speakers from law enforcement, behavioral health, homeless service providers, and policy groups. Presenters argued that Arkansas should focus more on treatment, accountability, better data, and stronger coordination among providers, and they highlighted the Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinic (CCBHC) model as a way to expand Medicaid-reimbursed crisis, mental health, substance use, jail-based, and homeless outreach services. Testimony emphasized that Arkansas has relatively low overall homelessness numbers but a significant unsheltered population with serious mental illness or substance use disorders, and several members asked about sex offender tracking, provider accountability, statewide coordination, and whether the state could apply for federal funding or a statewide continuum of care arrangement. Speakers also discussed workforce supports, family homelessness, and the need for more transparent reporting and outcomes-based funding. The committee then reviewed several Department of Energy and Department of Health/Board of Nursing rules. DEQ sought to raise the threshold for commission review of certain post-closure cleanup expenditures from $50,000 to $2 million to match Act 791 of 2025, and members asked about financial assurance and oversight; the rule was reviewed without objection. The Board of Nursing presented multiple rule changes implementing recent acts, including adding fees for dialysis patient care technician registration, updating contact-information requirements, clarifying APRN authority to sign death certificates and prescribe certain durable medical equipment, implementing delegation of certain nursing tasks to unlicensed workers, adding a declaratory-order process, revising certified medication assistant training and insulin-injection authority, and conforming independent-practice rules for clinical nurse specialists. Each nursing rule was reviewed without objection after brief questions. In closing remarks, Senator Irvin announced that UAMS had completed its National Cancer Institute designation submission, calling it an important step for the state. The committee then adjourned.
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Indian Affairs Nov 14th, 2025

House Government, Elections & Indian Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • You'll see the cuts by sector and program type.
  • The other thing is our loan repayment program.
  • Program.
  • For their film production program, and then $533,000 for their Tribal Allied Community Health Program
  • And that's how they cut the program, just based on the wording in the program.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Finance - 03/18/26

Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • If you're asking about the eligibility for recipients of the program?
  • program? program?
  • housing, and some other programs.
  • , and some other programs.
  • We would love to put ongoing funds into this program.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
KY

Kentucky 2026 Regular Session

House Standing Committee on Veterans, Military Affairs, and Public Protection (2-3-26)

Veterans, Military Affairs, & Public Protection

Transcript Highlights:
  • Our main program is our Military Assistance Response Program, or MARP.
  • <00:26:00.000> is straightforward. our our main program is straightforward. our our main program
  • our military assistance response program our military assistance response program or<00:26:02.480
  • tremendously successful program. tremendously successful program.
  • Um and then we we have uh other programs Um and then we we have uh other programs such<00:26:47.440
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The committee heard House Bill 369, which would add post-traumatic stress disorder to an existing 2018 hyperbaric oxygen therapy-related law for veterans. Representative Scott Sharp and HBOT for KY Vets representatives testified that PTSD and traumatic brain injury often overlap, that veterans are frequently misdiagnosed, and that hyperbaric oxygen therapy has shown benefits in clinical trials and in Kentucky’s own funded program. Members asked whether the bill would require insurance coverage; the sponsors said it would not, and noted they are seeking broader approval through medical and congressional channels. The committee voted favorably on HB 369, with members expressing support based on personal experience and the needs of veterans and their families. The committee then considered House Bill 419, for which a committee substitute was adopted before testimony. Representative Suzanne Miles and Kentucky Fire Commission/KCTCS representatives explained that the bill would expand the fire commission board from 14 to 18 members, clarify that KCTCS’s 5% administrative fee applies collectively to all funds rather than separately to each fund, and allow excess funds to help cover out-of-pocket cancer screening costs for volunteer and paid firefighters. A question about board staggering was answered by explaining that staggered terms were originally used to avoid all terms ending at once and were expected to continue. The committee passed HB 419 with favorable expression. Later, USA Cares presented an update on how it has used prior state funding. The organization described its grant-based assistance for veterans and military families facing housing, vehicle, and utility crises, as well as career transition and housing-related support programs. Testimony emphasized that the aid helps prevent homelessness and reduce suicide risk, and the group reported it had used nearly all of the $2 million awarded in the last budget cycle to assist 364 families and more than 500 dependents. No vote was taken on the USA Cares presentation.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Agriculture, Veterans, Broadband and Rural Development - 03/10/25

Agriculture, Veterans, Broadband, and Rural Development

Transcript Highlights:
  • agriculture's Bio incentive program agriculture's Bio incentive program thank<00:03:06.920> you
  • <00:03:55.720> was fuel um when this program was fuel um when this program was established
  • applied to participate in the program applied to participate in the program but<00:04:17.320>
  • program with fuel retailers.
  • biof Fu infrastructure grant program biof Fu infrastructure grant program alleviates<00:20:30.799
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

EDN Info Briefing - Thu Jan 16, 2025 @ 2:00 PM HST

Hawaii House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:24:35.960> and Childhood educator stien program and Childhood educator stien program and
  • through the whole preparation program through the whole preparation program they've<00:31:02.440
  • over is Educator preparation programs over is Educator preparation programs that<00:35:55.640>
  • Family child interaction learning programs are multigenerational programs that include a caregiver.
  • programs.
Keywords: 910, house, all
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

House Chamber - Fri Apr 4, 2025, 12:00PM HST - Day 46

Hawaii House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • participants and to program staff.
  • program participants and to program program participants and to program staff.<00:40:31.920>
  • participants or program staff or both. participants or program staff or both.
  • <00:42:39.119> staff HRS and is limited to program staff HRS and is limited to program staff
  • Defense is one of the few programs where Defense is one of the few programs where the<00:56:56.640>
Keywords: 910, house, all
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • The name of this program specific to both Medicare and Medicaid is the balance program.
  • There are two separate programs. I'll be focusing on the balance program.
  • > separate<00:38:16.079> program generous program is a separate program generous program
  • balance program.
  • Uh the balance program balance program.
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The Medicaid Oversight and Advisory Board met on February 23, 2026, approved the January 12 minutes, and then focused primarily on Kentucky Medicaid’s coverage and potential expansion of GLP-1 drugs, especially for weight loss. Department for Medicaid Services Commissioner Lisa Lee explained that Medicaid currently does not cover drugs for weight loss, anorexia, or weight gain, but the department had filed a regulation to remove that blanket exclusion so GLP-1s could be covered when used for an underlying health condition. She said the administrative regulation review subcommittee found the regulation deficient, and the co-chairs wanted the board to discuss the policy and financing implications before any change. DMS also said it would be open to adding caveats to ensure coverage would not extend to cosmetic weight loss alone. The department provided several data points on current utilization and spending. In 2025, Kentucky Medicaid paid for appetite-stimulating drugs such as Megestrol, Dronabinol, and Marinol, but did not pay for weight-loss drugs. For GLP-1s, DMS said coverage began in 2025 and is limited to FDA-approved medical conditions, with prior authorization requiring a type 2 diabetes diagnosis code and A1C documentation. DMS reported $234.6 million in GLP-1 spending in 2025 before rebates, about 240,931 prescriptions, and said GLP-1s accounted for 7.3% of pharmacy spend in 2024 and 8.3% in 2025. It also said there were 24,844 expansion members and 13,638 non-expansion members using GLP-1s, with spending of about $156 million and $78.5 million respectively, and that 10 pediatric weight-loss prescriptions were covered under EPSDT. The department said outcome analyses, including whether GLP-1 use reduces insulin or other diabetes treatment, are underway and should be completed in a couple of months. Members asked about cost, rebates, and whether the state should wait for more outcomes data before expanding coverage. DMS said average reimbursement to pharmacies was $975 per prescription and the average dispensing fee was $109; it also said 2025 rebate invoices totaled $90.8 million, with $7.6 million collected so far. Several members expressed concern about the high cost and the need to evaluate whether the drugs improve health outcomes before expanding access, while others noted the potential benefits for obesity and diabetes treatment. Some members also discussed whether GLP-1s are effectively being used for weight loss in diabetic patients and whether broader data collection should be used to assess long-term value. After the Medicaid discussion, Eli Lilly executive Tracy Sims presented on obesity as a chronic disease and the economic burden it creates in Kentucky. She said Kentucky’s adult obesity rate is a little over 37%, that obesity is linked to about 200 diseases, and that untreated obesity costs the state billions in GDP and hundreds of millions in state budget impact. She highlighted recent federal access programs for GLP-1s, including a Medicaid-related program that she said could lower the state share of a Zepbound prescription to about $71 per month after federal matching. No votes were taken on the GLP-1 policy question during the meeting, and the main action was the receipt of testimony and discussion of the department’s proposed regulatory change.
KY

Kentucky 2026 Regular Session

Senate Legislative Session Day 41 (3-6-26)

Kentucky Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • In addition, it revamps the KBI program, Kentucky Business Incentive Investment Program, to allow them
  • Senate participate in these programs.
  • programs. Senator Chambers-Armstrong. programs. Senator Chambers-Armstrong.
  • , be in different benefits programs, be in different benefits programs, whether<01:29:00.680>
  • What are they doing with the program?
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The Senate convened with an invocation and pledge, established a quorum, approved the prior journal, and received a message from the House announcing passage of House Bills 364, 534, 600, and 662 and requesting concurrence. The chamber then took up second-reading reports, placing several bills on the Rules Committee calendar, and briefly recessed for caucus meetings before returning to floor business. The first major floor action was Senate Bill 11, a residential safe room rebate program aimed at rural tornado preparedness. Supporters described it as a way to use FEMA or private funds to help homeowners build personal storm shelters that could also serve neighbors; one senator opposed it over a fiscal note and concerns about unintended consequences in rural areas. The Senate adopted a committee substitute and passed SB 11 by a vote of 33–3. The Senate then considered Senate Bill 8 on public utilities and PSC intervention procedures. A committee substitute and floor amendment were adopted to clarify intervention standards, limit delay tactics, allow written comments from non-intervenors, and revise transmission-line approval thresholds; supporters said the changes would improve PSC efficiency and protect ratepayers, while some senators objected to a provision moving records from the Energy and Environment Cabinet to the state auditor as politically motivated. SB 8 passed 30–5. Senate Bill 94, dealing with dealer compensation for warranty and recall work, was also amended and passed unanimously after supporters said it reflected agreement between auto dealers and manufacturers. Finally, Senate Bill 197 on economic development incentives was amended to create county tiers, expand incentives for distressed areas, allow cross-border projects near state lines, and correct clerical errors; it passed 36–0.
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Agriculture Finance and Policy Committee 3/26/25

Agriculture Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • Um I think as we continue to program.
  • heard um utilizes the federal program heard um utilizes the federal program for<00:04:16.560>
  • grant program and one is agri support. grant program and one is agri support.
  • the other grant programs within agri. So the other grant programs within agri.
  • the livestock licensing program at MDA. the livestock licensing program at MDA.
OR
Transcript Highlights:
  • Finances and rate setting within the Medicaid program.
  • , which we know is a very important and robust program in the state.
  • There's been a lot of ups and downs and volatility across the program.
  • Program changes trend 1.3.
  • On the program change tracking, OHA is working closely with CCOs on program changes, including new potential
Keywords: 907, all
Summary: The committee held an informational hearing focused first on Oregon Medicaid coordinated care organization (CCO) finances and rate setting. Oregon Health Authority staff explained how 2025 CCO financial results will inform 2027 capitation rates, including reserve requirements, subcapitation arrangements, and major cost drivers such as behavioral health, pharmacy, rural hospital costs, and dental directed payments. They said the Legislature’s added 2025 funding materially improved CCO margins and that, without it, the program would have been negative overall. Members asked about retained earnings, subcapitation, behavioral health utilization, ABA therapy, and whether outcomes are being evaluated; OHA said rate setting is actuarial and that CCOs, OHA, and other partners all play roles in monitoring efficacy and access. OHA also reviewed House Bill 4039 changes intended to increase transparency and give CCOs earlier access to rate information and reconciliation exhibits. CCO representatives then testified that the system is under significant financial pressure and that behavioral health state-directed payments, benefit changes, and federal uncertainty from H.R. 1 are reducing flexibility. CareOregon said it has lost more than $500 million over the last couple of years and is now making provider terminations and other network changes to align spending with available funding, while emphasizing that CCOs must make hard decisions about which services and providers can be sustained. Eastern Oregon CCO said rural and frontier factors, cost-based hospitals, air ambulance needs, and statewide efficiency adjustments are not fully reflected in rates, and that dental funding is especially strained. Trillium similarly warned that state-directed payments and benefit expansion pressures are constraining the global budget model and that H.R. 1 could worsen acuity and volatility. Members pressed the witnesses on who is responsible for evaluating treatment effectiveness, especially for ABA and psychotherapy, and on how utilization limits and reimbursement changes are being used to control costs. The committee then shifted to an overview of the Affordable Care Act and Oregon’s commercial insurance market. Department of Consumer and Business Services staff explained actuarial value, metal tiers, premium tax credits, medical loss ratio rules, and the main drivers of premium rates: cost trend, utilization trend, and administrative costs. They said mandates have likely added only a limited amount to premiums over the past decade, though the exact effect is difficult to isolate, and they gave examples of how high-cost, low-volume services versus broad, high-utilization services can affect rates differently. Staff also noted that Providence Health Plan and PacificSource Health Plans are withdrawing from the individual market, though consumers should still have at least three insurer options in every county and may have four in many counties. The division said it is in the middle of reviewing proposed 2027 rates and will continue its public rate review process, including hearings and written comment.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Program, and we run a variety of other family health programs related to genetically handicapped persons
  • But a program that has a really bad history of being— mildly off on your estimates on this program, and
  • So again, this is a state-only program.
  • To help cover growth in program costs.
  • Medi-Cal program.
Keywords: 988, house, all
LA
Transcript Highlights:
  • As far as civics education, we have a few other programs.
  • As far as civics education, we have a few other programs.
  • We also have a program for high school students.
  • But as it is now, it's a summer program.
  • However, it will be a two-day program instead of a six-day program.
Keywords: 974, senate, all
Summary: The Louisiana Commission on Civic Education met with quorum, approved the minutes from its previous meeting, and took several action items related to the Legislative Youth Advisory Council (LIAC). The commission unanimously approved the 2026-27 LIAC membership slate after reviewing recommendations from the selection committee, and it also approved the council’s budget and mileage reimbursement guidelines, noting the only change was an updated IRS mileage rate. Members thanked the legislature for continuing to fund LIAC after earlier years when it relied on outside donations. The meeting featured presentations on civic education resources and America 250 programming. Brandon Burris, representing the Lieutenant Governor’s office, highlighted Louisiana state parks, the Checkout Louisiana library backpack programs for parks and museums, Keep Louisiana Beautiful’s anti-litter campaign, and Homework Louisiana. Liam Julian of the Sandra Day O’Connor Institute discussed national civics education trends, teacher discomfort with controversial topics, and the institute’s teacher training, student camps, debate programs, and civics app. Louisiana Public Broadcasting’s Katie Stark and Nancy Torren presented America 250-related materials, including a PBS Kids feature on a Louisiana child and LPB’s “Louisiana’s Hidden History” videos and teacher resources on Bernardo de Galvez and Spanish Louisiana. LIAC members then reported on their work, including school safety efforts, digital service-hour tracking, AP self-study access, minor work permits, AI-generated harassment concerns, and local civic engagement projects. Peggy Cotonia of the Louisiana Center for Law and Civic Education reported 87 Law Day presentations and 287 total Law Day and Constitution Day presentations reaching about 9,400 students, along with updates on awards and a shortened but still free summer institute for teachers. Barry Irwin reported that legislation to clean up outdated commission membership and quorum language had passed the House and been heard in Senate Education, moving toward final passage. The commission adjourned after no further business.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • , or Women, Infants and Children, and the Genetic Disease Screening Program, or GDSP.
  • or women infants and children and the genetic disease screening program or GDSP.
  • the prenatal screening programs.
  • Finally, program participation is stable.
  • The screening program, yeah, primarily due to caseload.
Keywords: 988, house, all
Summary: The Assembly Subcommittee on Health heard an overview of the California Department of Public Health budget and several budget change proposals, including environmental health, healthcare quality, healthy communities, lab sciences, and family health programs. CDPH said its $5.1 billion budget is split between state operations and local assistance, with major estimates showing WIC participation essentially flat but food costs rising due to inflation, and the Genetic Disease Screening Program remaining relatively stable as birth-related caseloads decline slightly. Members and public commenters raised concerns and support around WIC continuity during federal shutdowns, the California Reducing Disparities Project, lead poisoning prevention, school nutrition implementation, prenatal vitamin testing, vector-borne disease work, and the hospital bed capacity registry. Dr. Erica Pond presented the 2026 State of Public Health report, highlighting improvements such as record-low all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality, an all-time high life expectancy, and the first decline in overdose deaths in 14 years. She also noted continuing problems, including rising behavioral health-related deaths among younger adults, persistent racial disparities in maternal and infant outcomes, and major geographic health gaps. She emphasized the importance of prevention, the Behavioral Health Services Act, and public health preparedness for emergencies, fires, and other environmental threats. Members discussed the need to invest upstream in prevention and to address social drivers of health, environmental hazards, and mental health. In a separate update on California’s response to federal public health actions, CDPH described efforts to preserve vaccine confidence and public health coordination through new partnerships such as the West Coast Health Alliance, the Governor’s Public Health Alliance, and the FACT Coalition. CDPH also explained how it is implementing AB 144 by posting and updating immunization and preventive service recommendations based on evidence and consultation with medical organizations, while declining some federal changes it found unsupported. Members asked about measles outbreaks, vaccine uptake, and how quickly the new initiatives might affect outcomes. The committee also reviewed the AIDS Drug Assistance Program estimate, which CDPH said would decrease because of lower caseloads and the expiration of one-time funds. Public commenters urged reinvestment of ADAP rebate funds into HIV prevention, PrEP, testing, disease intervention staff, and related services. The final and most contentious item was public health information technology systems: CDPH said Sapphire and CalReady are funded, but CalConnect, CARE, and the vaccine management system are not proposed for funding while the administration evaluates utilization and costs. Members and local health officials strongly opposed defunding the systems, arguing they are essential for disease investigation, vaccination tracking, outbreak response, and avoiding a return to manual spreadsheets and phone calls. The hearing ended without votes or formal action.