Video & Transcript Research : 'needs assessment study'

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FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Senate in Session Mar 9th, 2026

Florida Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • What do you need? What do you need? Of course, I was getting calls as well.
  • What do you need?
  • It criminalizes need.
  • Sure, we need to manage Medicaid better. We need to cut costs.
  • She said Florida needs to address that and think about the health care needs of the state.
Summary: The Senate opened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several introductions, then devoted most of the first part of the meeting to a farewell-style recognition of Senator Joe Gruters. Senators from both parties offered extended remarks praising his loyalty, political instincts, family involvement, and work as a legislator and as incoming Republican National Committee chair. Gruters responded with remarks about his background, including overcoming a childhood speech impediment, his service in the Legislature, and major policy efforts he highlighted such as alimony reform and the undergrounding of utilities. A ceremonial gift was presented to him recognizing his work on a 2019 public-safety/immigration bill, and the Senate adopted a motion to spread his remarks upon the journal before recessing briefly. After the recess, the Senate returned to regular business. No committee reports, governor’s messages, House messages, or reconsideration matters were reported. The chamber then moved to third reading and temporarily postponed CS/CS/CS/SB 354, relating to blue ribbon projects. The next bill, CS/CS/SB 1758, relating to public assistance, was taken up, and Senator Gaetz explained that it contained five reforms to the public assistance system previously discussed by the Senate. Debate was about to continue when the transcript ended.
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • Remind us that our needs are not unnoticed.
  • Meet each and every need that they have and through them bless the great state of Oklahoma, our home
  • time for nearly 14 years at Integra Southwest Medical Center and continues to serve there on an as-needed
  • I believe that's why you make even greater point that we need clarification clearly.
  • equipment was assessed at zero.
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

Senate - Rules Feb 6th, 2026 at 09:15 am

Senate Rules

Transcript Highlights:
  • We just need to be able to support them.
  • And I believe we need to be advocating.
  • Yeah. money you need. We cannot do that.
  • And as much as I hate big government, those kids need help. Those kids need help.
  • And they need our success.
Keywords: 996, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Human Services Finance and Policy Committee 3/4/25

Human Services Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • /c><00:02:43.360> looked<00:02:43.640> to need uh the study really looked to need uh the
  • <00:52:26.119> and study both bills are urgently needed and study both bills are urgently
  • We all want to see children be able to get the help they need when they need it.
  • We all want to see children be able to get the help they need when they need it.
  • We all want to see children be able to get the help they need when they need it.
Bills: HF1005
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Business, Professions and Economic Development Committee Jun 8th, 2026

Business, Professions and Economic Development

Transcript Highlights:
  • Many of our patients do not need different providers.
  • They need continuity, and the law says otherwise.
  • Patients do not need different providers; they need continuity, and the law says otherwise.
  • I think we need to be, obviously safety is the foremost thing that we have to do.
  • in a way that is dignified and consistent with their health needs.
Keywords: 987, senate, all
MN
Transcript Highlights:
  • We need more of that.
  • We We need a way to get that reported. We We need a way to get that reported.
  • assessment factors. assessment factors.
  • We need more of that. We need more of that.
  • that this is something we need to do. that this is something we need to do.
Keywords: 919, house, all
Summary: The House took up House File 4138, a bill establishing requirements for social media platforms regarding accounts for minors. Rep. Scott explained the bill and an A10 amendment that made several changes, including aligning with Senate language, adding transparency about age-estimation processes, changing the covered-platform revenue threshold, tightening privacy settings for child accounts, and strengthening limits on the sale or disclosure of data collected for age estimation. The A10 amendment was adopted by voice vote. Rep. Bonner then offered A11 to raise the bill’s age threshold from under 16 to under 18 and to replace references to “child” with “minor,” arguing that 18 is the clearer legal age of consent and would better protect 16- and 17-year-olds. Rep. Scott and others opposed the change, saying the bill was designed around First Amendment concerns and that 16 was a more workable cutoff; the amendment failed on a roll call, 15 yeas to 111 nays. A subsequent A13 amendment by Rep. Smith, as amended by A17 from Rep. Myers, added a requirement that platforms review publicly available user-generated content and report potential mass-violence threats to the state fusion center with immediate reporting language. Scott objected that the new language had not had hearings, but the Myers amendment to the amendment was adopted, 83 yeas to 47 nays. Rep. Greenman then offered A18 to tie the discussion to broader gun violence prevention and assault weapons, arguing social media measures alone were insufficient; Rep. Finke spoke in support of broader harm-reduction efforts and the amendment’s intent. The transcript ends while discussion of A18 is still underway, with no final vote shown on that amendment or on final passage of the bill.
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Energy and Natural Resources (05/13/2025)

Energy and Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:
  • And in section three is the study commission.
  • And in section three is the study And in section three is the study commission.<00:07:42.160>
  • kind of particular reason we might need kind of particular reason we might need it<00:18:29.280>
  • the bank for later in case we need it. the bank for later in case we need it.
  • So recognize the need for some money.
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

Senate Judiciary Committee, February 17, 2026

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • are unrelated at a home, they don't need are unrelated at a home, they don't need to<00:10:30.959
  • It needs to come after or.
  • I need that. >> Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I need that.
  • needed subsidies or something like that. needed subsidies or something like that.
  • <01:10:47.600> Um, they need. They get their job back. Um, they need.
Bills: SF0087, SF0088, SF0092
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Health and Human Services Jun 27th, 2025

Legislative Health & Human Services Committee

Transcript Highlights:
  • We still have a lot of quality assessment that we need to continue because um early childhood is all
  • I think there needs to be consequences.
  • It's not staffed when you need someone, cause when you need someone, it's too late to get staffed.
  • So with regard to the on page 17, the needs and gaps.
  • Where those needs and gaps are.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

March 27, 2025 - 03:30 PM

Transcript Highlights:
  • And secondly, we need to know how many have not yet completed their structural integrity reserve study
  • This is what we need. It'll make us more efficient.
  • For vacancies, that means how many staff do you need? What is the salary rate that you need?
  • We need 100 people. They need to be paid this. That's what it'll take.
  • There will be times when I will need to say, who went to this agency? I need you by my side.
Summary: The State Administration Budget Subcommittee met for budget day, heard agency follow-up questions, and then presented its recommended budget for fiscal year 2025-2026. Chair Lopez opened with remarks about reducing spending, emphasizing vacancy reductions and recurring savings across agencies. The recommendation eliminated 452.5 vacant positions and produced recurring savings of $57.2 million overall, while still funding selected priorities. Notable funded items included $500,000 for a new DBPR website for condominium complaints and document filing, $481.3 million for the MICEF Florida Home Program in DFS, funding for Florida PALM implementation, $330,000 for a Tampa office in the Office of Insurance Regulation, $835,000 for warehouse space for confiscated gambling machines, $821,000 for the Lottery gaming system contract, and major DMS capital and facilities funding. Lopez also criticized DMS leadership and said the secretary’s salary would be held in reserve pending answers on fleet management, remote workers, SUNCOM billing, and other issues. The committee then questioned DBPR Secretary Griffin about condominium records, structural integrity reserve studies, and milestone-inspection compliance. Members focused on how the division tracks condominiums, whether it can identify buildings with three habitable stories, and whether the current filing system can be improved to better capture building height and story count. Griffin said the division relies heavily on self-reporting and complaint-driven checks, but has updated forms to capture whether a condominium has buildings three stories or higher and has received additional submissions. Members also asked about staffing and the Miami-area office; Griffin said DBPR now has two Fort Lauderdale offices and a Doral office, with about 82% of new positions filled. Secretary Davis of the Florida Lottery also testified, defending travel to Paris and other conferences as part of industry engagement, technology research, and best-practice sharing. He said the travel was reimbursed through lottery-related organizations, described the Lottery as an enterprise fund that receives no general tax revenue, and said the agency has remained a top revenue generator nationally. Members questioned Orlando travel reimbursements and dues to the Multi-State Lottery Association, and asked for more information on how increased revenue translates into more Bright Futures scholarships. Davis said he would provide additional details. The subcommittee then unanimously passed two conforming bills. PCB SAB 25-01 removed statutory references to the legacy FLAIR accounting system in preparation for Florida PALM and was reported favorably. PCB SAB 25-02 addressed Capitol Center space after the planned House lease cancellation, declaring the governor, cabinet, and legislature permanent tenants, protecting existing space and parking allocations, giving the legislature first right of refusal on vacant space, and giving legislative leaders control over utilities in their space; it also passed unanimously. The meeting adjourned after the bills were reported favorably.
AR

Arkansas 2026 Regular Session

LEGISLATIVE JOINT AUDITING Jan 9th, 2026

LEGISLATIVE JOINT AUDITING

Transcript Highlights:
  • And if so, we need to be looking at what these folks are doing.
  • I'm almost thinking we need to even pursue the criminal prosecution.
  • There are people who need to be prosecuted, people who need to be incarcerated, but at the end of the
  • I think you have a volunteer if you need something done.
  • I'm chair, but I think that's something that we probably need to work on.
Summary: The committee first approved the minutes from the prior meeting and then heard several audit-related reports. The executive committee report noted audit and special reports were scheduled for standing committees and the full Legislative Joint Audit Committee, with one requested report still in progress. The City, County, and Local report covered delinquent private water and sewer audits, reinstatement of turnback funds for entities that filed required reports, and action involving the town of Daisy, which was directed to repay misused street funds at 10% of general fund revenue annually. The education and state agencies reports included higher education audits and state agency findings, with some reports filed and others deferred to the February meeting for additional information or corrective-action details. The committee then took up a special audit of the Charles W. Donaldson Scholars Academy at UA Little Rock. Legislative Audit reported that the program, funded with $10 million in desegregation money plus a $50,000 grant, awarded $1.87 million in scholarships to 379 students, with 116 graduates, but found numerous eligibility and disbursement problems, including scholarships to ineligible students, excessive awards, improper documentation, and unclear disposition of some assets. Committee members questioned UALR representatives about oversight, staffing, and whether funds were properly used, and also heard from Philander Smith College about its limited role in verifying enrollment. Members expressed concern about the program’s results and the lack of detail on accountability, and the committee voted to table the report until the next meeting for further review and requested additional information, including the federal court order and more detail on expenditures and oversight. Finally, the committee reviewed the annual disposition report on matters referred to prosecutors and the Attorney General for 2024. Staff said 164 matters were referred, with 28 resulting in criminal charges and convictions, 39 still under review, 96 not charged, and others dismissed or pending; 20 convictions produced fines, restitution, and audit-cost orders, and bond trust fund claims were paid in some cases. Prosecutor Coordinator and Attorney General representatives explained that some referrals do not meet criminal standards, may lack intent, or are otherwise not prosecutable, and members asked for more standardized reporting, clearer explanations of why cases are not charged, and more information on restitution efforts. The committee discussed possible templates, training, and better coordination, then voted to file the report and adjourned, with the next meeting set for February 12, 2026.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Privacy and Consumer Protection Committee Apr 16th, 2026

Privacy and Consumer Protection

Transcript Highlights:
  • , to assess privacy impacts, to gather feedback from parents and youth, to study harmful design practices
  • Precisely why we need any safety commission to be assessing that on a real-time basis, to be...
  • We need any safety commission to be assessing that on a real-time basis, to be analyzing what's happening
  • California needs an expert body that studies the harms and identifies safer alternatives.
  • California needs an expert body to study those harms, recommend best practices, and ensure that vulnerable
Keywords: 988, house, all
Summary: The committee heard AB 1988, which would require companion chatbots to respond to credible crisis expressions with a 988 lifeline notice, human review after repeated crisis signals, and a pause in the chat. The author and supporters said AI chatbots are increasingly used for emotional support but are not equipped to handle suicidal or violent ideation safely; they cited cases of harmful chatbot responses and argued the bill is a limited safety measure, not a ban. Support came from crisis, family medicine, and child/family service organizations, and there was no formal opposition testimony. Members praised the bill’s intent and the author’s work, and the bill was held pending quorum before later discussion moved on to the next item. The committee then took up AB 1709, which would set a minimum age of 16 for accounts on social media platforms with harmful addictive features and create an e-safety advisory commission. The author argued that social media product design—such as infinite scroll, autoplay, and algorithmic feeds—drives compulsive use and mental health harms, especially for children, and said the bill would still allow safer, non-addictive platforms and online spaces. Supporters, including a psychologist and the Organization for Social Media Safety, described cyberbullying, predation, addiction, and mental health harms; several organizations and advocates also supported the measure. Opponents, including EFF, privacy groups, civil liberties organizations, and youth and LGBTQ advocates, argued the bill is overbroad, raises privacy and First Amendment concerns, and could cut off young people from community, news, and support. They pointed to Australia’s experience as evidence that age restrictions are easy to circumvent and may shift harms elsewhere, and urged feature-level regulation instead of age-based exclusion. Committee members debated whether the bill is a “ban” or a delay, how age assurance would work, and whether the commission could meaningfully define and update harmful features; several members said they would support the bill while acknowledging it needs further work and ongoing oversight.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • , to assess privacy impacts, to gather feedback from parents and youth, to study harmful design practices
  • Precisely why we need an E-safety Commission to be assessing that on a real-time basis, to be... ...we
  • need an E-safety Commission to be assessing that on a real-time basis, to be analyzing what's happening
  • California needs an expert body that studies the harms and identifies safer alternatives.
  • California needs an expert body to study those harms, recommend best practices, and ensure that vulnerable
Summary: The committee heard AB 1988, which would require AI companion chatbots to respond to credible self-harm or violence-related crisis expressions by displaying the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, warning users, and pausing the chat for human review after repeated crisis signals. The author and supporters said the bill is a measured safety standard to redirect vulnerable users to human help, citing research and cases where chatbots worsened suicidal ideation or violent behavior. Support came from crisis and medical advocates, while no opposition testimony was offered. The chair and members expressed strong support, and the bill was held pending quorum before later action on the agenda. The committee then took up AB 1709, which would set a minimum age of 16 for users to create or maintain accounts on social media platforms with harmful addictive features and would create an E-Safety Advisory Commission in the Attorney General’s office. The author argued the bill targets product design, not speech, and is intended to curb compulsive features such as infinite scroll, autoplay, and algorithmic feeds while allowing safer or non-addictive platforms to remain available. Supporters, including a psychologist and the Organization for Social Media Safety, described cyberbullying, predation, compulsive use, and mental health harms; opponents, including EFF, ACLU-Cal Action, TechNet, and youth advocacy groups, warned about privacy, First Amendment, and access-to-community concerns, especially for LGBTQ youth and other marginalized groups. Committee members debated whether the bill is a ban or a delay, how age assurance would work, and whether the proposal would be effective or could push youth to less safe spaces. Several members said they would support the bill as a first step, while others raised concerns about enforceability, privacy, and constitutional issues. The author emphasized that the bill is limited to specific harmful design features, not content or general internet access, and that the new commission would monitor evolving technology and recommend future updates. No final vote was taken during the portion of the hearing provided.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Or I've had family members call and say, 'I need to see a doctor.' I need to see a doctor.
  • And when you think about our students needing the attention, that they need and the support services
  • I'm an American Multicultural Studies student, a Women and Gender Studies student, and a Queer Studies
  • studies.
  • when you need them.
Keywords: 988, house, all
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Criminal Jurisprudence Mar 18th, 2025

Criminal Jurisprudence

Transcript Highlights:
  • Now the other thing I need to tell you that... The chair also needs to recognize that Mr.
  • to they need to get out.
  • Divergent programs are needed, community programs are needed, even before we have a people have to face
  • And so they need to know.
  • We feel high risks. needs to be defined and assessed which we think is what the representative is trying
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Education Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • If you need an accommodation, many folks who need one have already made that request.
  • There are tons of specialized programs that the district needs to pay for to meet the needs of these
  • The regional school pays the town assessments; the local assessments pay 67% of that budget.
  • The need is urgent.
  • They agree that this needs, my recollection is they agree that this needs to be addressed.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The hearing focused primarily on H. 517/S. 314, a bill to provide a sustainable future for rural schools, and H. 697, a bill to require full funding of regional school transportation. Witnesses from rural districts, school committees, superintendents, students, and local officials described chronic underfunding, declining enrollment, high fixed costs, special education and transportation burdens, and the loss of programs, staff, and extracurriculars. Several speakers argued that rural aid should be funded at $60 million annually and made non-discretionary, while others emphasized that transportation reimbursement for regional districts has repeatedly fallen short of the state’s promise and is driving budget crises and overrides. A number of students testified in support of rural aid, describing cuts to classes, counselors, and activities, and the impact on their schools and communities. Committee members also discussed whether transportation policy should be revisited to address underlying cost drivers, including bus bidding practices and whether regional districts should have more flexibility in transportation requirements. The committee also heard H. 515, concerning Hancock Elementary School and a school choice-related exemption from a state requirement that has created a large financial burden for the district. Hancock’s superintendent and Rep. John Barrett explained that a decades-old regulation, recently enforced by DESE, would require Hancock to pay tuition for choice-in students through high school graduation even though the district only serves pre-K through grade 6 and sends its own students elsewhere for middle and high school. They said the rule creates a significant per-student shortfall and has forced Hancock to opt out of school choice. Committee members asked for clarification about how the arrangement works and how the costs fall on Hancock. Additional testimony supported related transportation bills for non-regional districts, especially Plymouth/Carver and North Middlesex, describing high and rising bus costs, special education and McKinney-Vento transportation expenses, and the strain on local budgets. Speakers repeatedly said that state reimbursement has not matched actual costs and that communities are being forced to choose between transportation and classroom services. No votes or final actions were taken in the hearing; the committee simply received testimony and closed the hearing on the bills discussed.
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • AND HAVE THE GREATEST NEED ACROSS THE STATE.
  • TO BE MORE SPECIFIC TO THE NEEDS OF THE DISTRICT.
  • MEANS FOR PRINTING AND ASSESSMENT.
  • LET'S DEVELOP A PROGRAM ALONG THOSE NEEDS.
  • AND MEETING THE NEEDS.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Public Health Jun 21st, 2026 at 09:00 am

Joint Committee on Public Health

Transcript Highlights:
  • where they need it.
  • where and when they need them.
  • . ...between needs and access.
  • Need an EpiPen, etc.
  • We are behind other states, and so I don't think we need any more studies or rumination.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Joint Committee on Public Health held an introductory informational hearing for the new session, with Chairs Marjorie Decker and Senator Michael Driscoll outlining the committee’s scope and emphasizing the impact of the federal landscape on Massachusetts public health. They noted the hearing would focus on testimony from agencies and advocates, with short testimony limits due to the hybrid format. No votes were taken; the meeting was for briefing and discussion of priorities. Commissioner Robbie Goldstein of the Department of Public Health described the department’s budget and federal funding, warning that recent CDC grant terminations could cut nearly $100 million and affect lab testing, surveillance, vaccines, and community engagement. He highlighted DPH priorities including racial equity, maternal health, substance use and child welfare coordination, emergency preparedness, data transparency, and public hospital quality. MassHealth Assistant Secretary Michael Levine discussed MassHealth’s role covering about 2 million residents and its priorities in health equity, behavioral health, primary care, member independence, and customer service, while noting the agency relies heavily on federal Medicaid dollars and would face major strain from federal cuts. Several advocacy and provider groups focused on reproductive health and maternal health. Planned Parenthood warned of threats to Title X, 340B savings, and other federal funding, and supported a bill to eliminate parental consent and judicial bypass for abortion care for young people. Reproductive Equity Now urged stronger shield-law protections and changes to Massachusetts’ later-abortion framework. Dr. Indyamaka Anugaka called for full implementation of the maternal health law, better reimbursement for doulas and midwives, stronger data collection, and support for full-spectrum pregnancy care coverage. The Health Policy Commission said new maternal health and primary care task forces would begin work soon. Mental health and health system access were also major themes. The Mass Medical Society urged action on vaccine hesitancy, removal of non-medical school vaccine exemptions, and primary care reform. The Massachusetts Association for Mental Health and the Children’s Mental Health Campaign opposed proposed cuts to DMH and substance use services, called for more school-based supports, and raised concerns about inpatient capacity, including a unit serving LGBTQ youth. The Massachusetts Nurses Association and 1199 SEIU warned that staffing shortages, low wages, workplace violence, hospital closures, and possible Medicaid cuts threaten patient care and the health care workforce. The Betsy Lehman Center also urged investment in automated patient-safety monitoring to reduce harm and costs.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Senate Committee on Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Feb 10th, 2025

Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Mind at the same time, if you need four minutes or if you need fifteen minutes, we'll let you work through
  • Have we done any studies on that?
  • No, there are no metrics at all, but I'm saying there's a need for a study because CWD and its complexity
  • But that said, we don't need a study, but I would...
  • If there is such a study, please bring me the study for CWD. And study those river otters.
Keywords: 1185, senate, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Health Care Financing Jun 21st, 2026 at 10:00 am

Joint Committee on Health Care Financing

Transcript Highlights:
  • when they need it.
  • According to the recent community health needs assessment for the region, Lawrence has one of the highest
  • acute needs.
  • We need the money and we need the bill passed. We can do this. Everybody needs the money.
  • We need.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Joint Committee on Health Care Financing held a public hearing on a large docket of bills focused on MassHealth benefits and reimbursement, health equity, behavioral health, public health, dental access, 340B drug pricing, tobacco cessation, and coverage for children. The chairs emphasized rising health care costs, provider shortages, administrative burdens, and persistent inequities by income, race, geography, and immigration status. Much of the testimony centered on H.1416/S.901, an act to advance health equity, with legislators and members of the Health Equity Compact arguing for statewide benchmarks, stronger health equity leadership, reimbursement for interpreter services, community health workers and patient navigation, Medicaid graduate medical education support, and a health equity zone trust fund. Witnesses described disparities in life expectancy, maternal mortality, access to primary care, and the impact of federal Medicaid and social service cuts, and urged the committee to report the bill favorably. The committee also heard strong support for H.1368/S.847 on rapid whole genome sequencing for critically ill MassHealth children. Testifiers from industry, academia, hospitals, and families said early sequencing can end long diagnostic odysseys, improve treatment decisions, shorten hospital stays, and save money, while also providing emotional relief and information for families. The hearing then moved to H.1407 on MassHealth rate parity for inpatient behavioral health providers, where Rep. Scanlan and the Massachusetts Association of Behavioral Health Systems said the bill would codify existing administrative parity so managed care plans cannot pay less than the MassHealth fee-for-service rate. On H.1392/S.853 to preserve and protect public health, witnesses supported higher vaccine administration fees to improve provider participation and immunization rates. The committee also heard testimony on H.770/845 to protect 340B providers in MassHealth, and on S.848 to require reporting and transparency around 340B revenues and outside administrative costs. Additional bills drew testimony on tobacco cessation coverage for MassHealth members, with advocates supporting broader access to counseling and medications through medical, behavioral health, and dental providers. On H.1409, a nursing home operator asked for more flexibility in a MassHealth staffing-related penalty tied to patient days per resident. On H.1401/S.888, supporters of the “Take 10” dental access proposal said adult MassHealth dental coverage is underused because too few dentists accept MassHealth, leading to long travel times and avoidable emergency room visits; they urged incentive payments for dentists serving new adult MassHealth patients. Finally, on H.1403/S.855, “Cover All Kids,” advocates and immigrant community members urged removal of immigration status as a barrier to full MassHealth coverage for children, while also backing a related bill to ensure 12 months of continuous coverage for children. No votes were taken during the hearing; the committee primarily received testimony and asked questions on costs, reimbursement levels, and implementation details.