Video & Transcript Research : 'parish government'
Page 158 of 500
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:38:36.240>
government vote applying for government government vote applying for government - Um, so just so I'm clear, immigration policy is the purview of the federal government, correct?
- :19.639>
use ice for the federal government to use ice for the federal government to use their - the involvement of local government the involvement of local government entities<02:20:23.720>
<02:20:32.920>and purview of the federal government and purview of the federal government
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
House Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy Committee 2/20/25
Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- Johnson uh government relations director for<00:19:57.559>
the <00:19:57.679>Minnesota - and climate uh myself as Government and climate uh myself as Government relations<00:21:14.320><
- The agency also has a key part of our work that is actually delegated to us by the federal government
- We also work with all levels of government: federal, as I mentioned, state, county, and municipal.
- are the major recipient of governments are the major recipient of those<00:32:09.440>
grants <
Keywords:
human services, Medical Assistance, Medicaid, long-term services and supports, LTSS, public assistance, application process, eligibility determination, customer service survey, wait times, form complexity, lead agencies, Department of Human Services, Department of Children Youth and Families, streamlining, administrative reform, case management, reassessment, intake system, adaptive eligibility form
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- It limits it so that they may only surveil government vehicles on government properties surrounded by
- It is a command to government.
- to act without fear of a government file being kept on them.
- and only government vehicles.
- There is a Government Committee amendment. Mr.
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
House committee considers proposed amendment to MN Constitution guaranteeing equal rights 4/3/25
Transcript Highlights:
- the MN particularly the government the MN particularly the provision<00:05:34.280>
protecting - In Article 1, Section 1, it states government is instituted for the security, benefit, and protection
- I mean, we have a federal government that is expressly going after the basic rights of women and our
- LGBTQ communities, and when our federal government fails to meet a basic standard of decency, we need
- I mean, we have a federal government that is expressly going after the basic rights of women and our
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Floor Session Feb 14th, 2025
California House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- the San Pedro delegation of the YMCA youth and government program.
- The Westchester YMCA Youth and Government Delegation.
- Mentors who have long been connected to the YMCA and Youth in Government program.
- Please join me in welcoming Emily and the Westchester YMCA Youth and Government Delegation.
- I think I will take this moment, members, to welcome YMCA Youth in Government.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Community Affairs Mar 31st, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- District Court, HB 631 feels like nothing more than government overreach.
- District Court, H.B. 631 feels like nothing more than government overreach.
- Those governing locally may not always know best, but they're the closest to it.
- This is due in large part to the preemption that has paralyzed governing bodies and local governments
- Floridians and local governments want a solution, and this bill does not provide one.
Summary:
The committee first took up CS/SB 1730, a Live Local Act bill on affordable housing. The sponsor described it as a set of technical and policy adjustments to strengthen implementation, including changes to zoning, height, parking, moratoriums, attorney fees, and related land-use rules. An amendment by Senator Claudio was adopted, adding provisions such as a 10-story height limit near single-family neighborhoods, exclusions for certain protected areas, and changes to fee and use definitions. The committee then reported the bill favorably.
Members next considered CS/SB 1674 on unrated bonds for Israel bonds, with a clarifying amendment adopted to make clear the bill applied only to Israel bonds. CS/SB 140 on charter schools was also approved after debate over parent-led conversion of public schools, municipal job-engine charter schools, and surplus school property; opponents warned about local control and impacts on teachers and communities, while the sponsor said the bill preserved district authority and created new school-choice and economic-development options. The committee also passed SB 96, a claims bill for Jacob Rogers, and CS/SB 954 on recovery residences, after strike-all amendments that addressed zoning, ADA concerns, bed caps, staffing ratios, and limits on operation in certain multifamily settings. Senators expressed support for expanding treatment housing but also raised neighborhood and staffing concerns.
The committee then approved CS/SB 1714 on local housing assistance plans, which would allow SHIP funds for limited lot-rental assistance for mobile-home owners and require local plans to address mobile-home park closures. SB 658 on standardized construction lien release forms was reported favorably despite testimony from contractors and lawyers warning about possible effects on lien rights and the separate House proposal. The committee also reconsidered and then approved CS/SB 482 after a late-filed amendment addressing local government art fees and a key issue over defining “extraordinary circumstances,” with counties and cities saying more work remained. Finally, the committee passed SB 24 and CS/SB 4, both local claims bills, CS/SB 712 on synthetic turf and related construction rules, SB 952 repealing the emergency firearms/ammunition restriction, CS/SB 1164 allowing email notice delivery in landlord-tenant matters with opt-in safeguards, and SB 202 on municipal water and sewer rates, which drew extensive opposition from North Miami Beach and Miami Gardens officials over utility surcharges and revenue impacts. The meeting ended with SB 202 still under heavy questioning and testimony about the fairness and financial consequences of the surcharge structure.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- governments equally among the 11 federally recognized tribal governments in Minnesota.
- Uh se subdivision two governments.
- and tribal government. and tribal government. uh<00:03:24.800>
aid <00:03:25.120>to - <00:03:43.200>
is Um aid to tribal governments is Um aid to tribal governments is calculated - :50.560>
tribal <00:03:50.959>governments federally recognized tribal governments federally
KY
Kentucky 2025 Regular Session
Interim Joint Committee on Local Government (6-24-25)
Transcript Highlights:
- which obviously uh the state government which obviously uh the state government uh<00:48:45.839>
- ,<00:50:50.480>
urban consolidated local government, urban consolidated local government, - the<01:02:48.960>
Kentucky government affairs for the Kentucky government affairs for the - general operations of city governments general operations of city governments that<01:04:36.000>
- <01:05:01.760>
uh this breakdown for city governments uh this breakdown for city governments
Summary:
The committee first heard an update from representatives of the Kentucky County Clerk’s Association on the transition to electronic recording and land records modernization. They reviewed the 2021 task force work, the legislation and budget funding that followed, and the requirements for county clerks to provide online search portals and complete 30-year property record searches, with a 60-year standard expected next summer. Speakers said most counties are still working through scanning and verification, with only a small number fully complete, and emphasized that verification of records is the main bottleneck because it requires staff time and careful matching of indexes to deeds. They also noted limited vendor availability, differences among counties in what records are already digitized, and that the association and land title attorneys are now working more closely on future “continuous improvement” legislation.
The clerks also raised related issues, including concerns about deed fraud as more records become searchable online. They said some counties already offer notification services that alert property owners when a document is recorded, which can help owners respond quickly to suspicious filings. They also discussed the filing document storage fee and KDLA digitization grants, saying the funding structure has generally worked but that two grant cycles have been missed. Another topic was whether, once records are fully digitized and searchable, some permanent records should remain publicly accessible or be moved to a safer archive. In response to committee questions, the witnesses said the remaining delays are less about money than staffing shortages and the need for more manpower to complete verification, and they said they would follow up on the balance in the KDLA fund and other details.
The committee then received a presentation from an Area Development District representative, who described the districts as regional, nonpartisan service organizations that help cities and counties pool resources, provide technical assistance, and leverage public and private partnerships. He highlighted examples of regional cooperation, including veterans-directed care and other shared programs, and argued that the districts create efficiencies and economies of scale for local governments and the state. No votes or formal actions were taken during the portion of the meeting provided.
CO
Colorado 2026 Regular Session
Colorado Senate 2026 Legislative Day 007 Jan 21st, 2026
Colorado Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:27:29.440>
Committee <00:27:29.919>Smart <00:27:30.240>Act Local Government - Institute of Cannabis Research Governing Institute of Cannabis Research Governing Board<00:29:20.480
- David Reynolds of Dylan, Colorado, to serve as a representative of county government, appointed.
- <00:32:03.200>
David town government. Reappointed. David town government. Reappointed. - a representative of county government a representative of county government appointed.<00:32:06.559
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Floor Session: 2025 First Special Session - part 1 Jun 9th, 2025
Minnesota House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- They don't want another government program.
- The governments have crossed them.
- The government is not the church, it's not a charity, and the government is not your neighbor.
- Government compulsion is not charity.
- State governments know it; the federal government knows it.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- the state government committee. the state government committee.
- Government Finance and Policy and be Government Finance and Policy and be re-referred<01:12:40.440>
Elections, Finance, and Government Elections, Finance, and Government Operations.<01:13:35.560>< - It is a bill that Government Finance.
- believe it should be in Government believe it should be in Government Operations<01:13:58.320>
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety - 03/09/26
Judiciary and Public Safety
Transcript Highlights:
- regulation of AI used by the government. regulation of AI used by the government.
- >
entities The actions of government entities The actions of government entities impact<00:03: - Uh there is for government entities.
- government, which I'll speak to briefly. government, which I'll speak to briefly.
- the government? the government? >> Senator<00:53:56.720>
McUade.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Same for local government. So it's not the federal government telling us we got to do stuff.
- and our state government to reevaluate what the priorities are.
- leanings counties and local governments leanings counties and local governments take<00:46:10.240
- Thank you. government is responsive to all people government is responsive to all people lastly<01:20
- 20 years ago when the federal government 20 years ago when the federal government pass<01:28:54.560
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Session Jun 21st, 2026 at 11:00 am
Massachusetts Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- I'd love to talk about unrestricted general government aid, or UGA.
- Regretfully, overall, Washington, D.C. has taken a hostile approach to governing.
- So in a time where the federal government providers to make a difference.
- I think this is exactly how government should work. Get through over a thousand amendments.
- I think this is exactly how government should work. It's transparent.
Summary:
The Senate opened with the Pledge of Allegiance, adopted two commendatory resolutions honoring the Plimpton Historical Society’s Deborah Sampson Day recognition and Megan’s Light’s Cystic Fibrosis Awareness Month observance, and suspended Joint Rule 12 to refer several House petitions to committee. The chamber also briefly recognized Diane Talk of the South Shore Regional Emergency Communication Center on her retirement after 30 years of dispatch service. Later, the Senate passed two local bills to enactment: House No. 4006, authorizing Dartmouth to grant an additional all-alcoholic beverages license, and House No. 473, relating to the charter of Westwood.
The main business was the Senate Ways and Means presentation of the fiscal year 2027 budget, totaling about $63.3 billion. The chair described the budget as balanced, with no new taxes or tax cuts, based on a consensus revenue estimate of $986 million in growth over FY26 (2.4%), and including about $15.8 billion in federal financial participation and roughly $2.7 billion from the Fair Share surtax. The budget emphasized record local aid, including $1.376 billion in unrestricted general government aid, $7.66 billion for Chapter 70 education aid, increased minimum school aid, higher regional school transportation reimbursement, rural aid, and the revival of the Foundation Budget Review Commission. It also highlighted major investments in MassEducate free community college, food security, housing, and support for vulnerable residents.
Members then engaged in extended colloquy on the budget’s major cost drivers and policy choices. Questions focused on debt service, pension and OPEB liabilities, MassHealth caseload and rising per-enrollee costs, child care funding, and program integrity in DTA and other benefit programs. The chair said debt service would be about $2.67 billion, pension payments would be $5.1 billion, OPEB would receive a $150 million payment, and MassHealth enrollment was projected at about 2 million with costs driven by acuity and medical inflation. He also said the budget includes no collective bargaining agreements and no state tax changes. Senators supporting the budget praised its investments in education, local aid, homelessness prevention, public health, libraries, and housing, while minority leaders and others stressed the need for fiscal discipline, transparency, and further work on affordability and municipal support. The Senate also received a House message on House No. 5316, which the House had nonconcurred in, and a conference committee was appointed on the disagreement.
MO
Missouri 2026 Regular Session
2026 Legislative Session - Day Sixty Seven - Monday, May 11
Missouri House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Joseph through this process, which is a great process of how we create government.
- or the federal government.
- The government has said this is a domestic terrorist. Would you call them a traitor?
- It's the counterterrorist plan, as put by the federal government.
- It's, I mean, it's the counterterrorist plan, as put by the federal government.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Local Government Committee Apr 29th, 2026
Local Government
Transcript Highlights:
- The Senate Committee on Local Government will come to order.
- Good morning, and thank you for joining us for this meeting of the Senate Committee on Local Government
- We think that, from a local government perspective, JOC is a practical, proven tool.
- What is deemed reasonable is left to the discretion of local governments to decide.
- The Senate Committee on Local Government is adjourned.
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Local Government met to hear a long agenda of local government, housing, labor, and transparency bills. The committee first adopted the consent calendar for SB 1187 and SB 1388, then heard SB 983, which would authorize the Port of San Diego to use job order contracting for repairs and repetitive maintenance work. Supporters said the bill would speed emergency and small repairs and reduce costs, while opponents raised concerns about construction definitions and project labor agreement language. The bill was ultimately moved forward on a 2-2 vote after discussion of amendments and labor negotiations, and later the committee’s final roll call showed it passing out on a 5-2 vote.
The committee also heard SB 1256, aimed at limiting duplicative litigation over a San Diego County housing project, and SB 992, which would make permanent and expand a small special-district audit flexibility by raising the revenue threshold from $150,000 to $250,000. SB 1256 drew support from the author and project counsel, who argued the project had already been litigated and was delaying needed housing, while opponents said the bill would interfere with wildfire and subdivision-map review. SB 992 had support from county auditors and special districts, with no opposition, and was approved 5-0. SB 1115, addressing governance failures at the Tulare County Public Cemetery District by allowing county supervisors to remove an individual trustee for cause, also passed unanimously after testimony describing serious dysfunction and opposition from the California Special Districts Association.
The committee then took up SB 1193, which would impose transparency and approval requirements on Alameda County discretionary funding to nonprofits and other entities. The author and supporters described the bill as a response to grand jury findings and alleged conflicts of interest, while Alameda County argued its current process is already transparent and that the bill would add burdens and could harm services. After amendments and discussion, the bill passed 5-0. SB 1383, a density bonus law bill clarifying that local labor standards cannot be waived through density bonus concessions, was supported by labor groups and moved forward despite no opposition, with the final roll call showing it passing out 5-1. SB 1361, intended to prevent local governments from undermining transit projects because of SB 79 density concerns, also passed after support from L.A. Metro and labor and no formal opposition, with the final vote recorded as 5-2. The committee later resumed to hear SB 1272, the CASH Act, which would limit certain sanctions on homeowners for prior unpermitted work by previous owners; the transcript cuts off before that bill’s full testimony and vote.
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
House - State Gov Elections and Indian Affairs Feb 11th, 2026 at 08:41 am
Transcript Highlights:
- So that's saying that those local governments will be restricted.
- What if the federal government was telling your people...
- opportunities, and it is all based on a political status, not racial status, because of our unique government-to-government
- dates back to treaties, that dates back to obligations that have been put forth because of the government-to-government
- The other thing that I just wanted to ask about is the government-to-government-to-government relationships
Summary:
The committee first heard House Memorial 54, which would create a stakeholder working group to study utility-service problems in manufactured and mobile home parks and recommend solutions. The sponsor described repeated water and utility outages in large parks, said current law places maintenance responsibility on park owners, and argued that the state needs clearer standards and alternatives to costly attorney general lawsuits. Supporters from PNM and the New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty backed the memorial as a step toward better oversight and protections for residents. The committee asked about existing landlord obligations and whether rent withholding is available; the sponsor said current law does not clearly provide that remedy. HM 54 was reported out with a due pass.
The committee then considered House Bill 166, which would create a statewide permitting framework for battery-charged electric fences used by commercial businesses while preserving local zoning authority. The sponsor and an industry witness said businesses face inconsistent local permitting, delays, and added costs, and that the bill would provide uniform standards and security options. Several members raised concerns that the bill appeared to favor a specific product type, could override local code differences, and might not address mixed-use areas, historic districts, or homeowners associations. After debate, the bill passed on a 4-3 vote, with one member explaining support but urging further work with local government experts before floor consideration.
House Bill 20, a bipartisan measure, would allow Native American applicants to request a voluntary Native American designation on state driver’s licenses and ID cards, without naming a specific tribe, and with documentation requirements tied to tribal cards, certificates of Indian blood, or affidavits of birth. Supporters said it would recognize tribal political status, help with law enforcement and Turquoise Alert verification, and assist with education, health, and child welfare matters; tribal representatives and State Police testified in favor. Several members expressed concern about racial profiling, privacy, and possible unintended consequences of marking IDs, while others noted the designation is optional and tied to political status rather than race. Members also flagged drafting language that appeared to require multiple documents, and the sponsor agreed to clarify it. The bill ultimately passed, with some members explaining their votes and asking for continued discussion with tribes.
The committee also approved Senate Joint Resolution 1, which would amend the state constitution to allow school bond and mill levy questions to appear on the general election ballot rather than being limited to separate school elections. Sponsors said the change would reduce special-election costs, increase turnout, and remove outdated language dating to 1910; school board and education groups supported it. Members asked about ballot crowding and local election timing, and sponsors emphasized that the measure gives school districts a choice rather than a mandate. Finally, the committee heard House Bill 295, which would create an Office of Accessibility to centralize reporting, provide technical assistance, and produce annual reports on accessibility of state buildings and websites. Disability advocates largely supported the bill as a way to improve compliance and consistency, while one webcast commenter opposed it, arguing that without enforcement authority it would not produce meaningful change. The transcript ends during testimony on HB 295, before final committee action is shown.
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
Transportation REVISED- IS25-084 Removed - New Start Time - 1pm Oct 28th, 2025
Transportation
Transcript Highlights:
- You know, we all know we have government-issued IDs from Puerto Rico.
- We actually helped stand this program up with the government, um, back in 2011.
- We actually helped stand this program up with the government, um, back in 2011.
- And you guys are sole-source contracts to the government. Is that right?
- My mind was wandering there, so if they were sole-source contract to the government, the... government
Summary:
The committee held an interim study on airport security vendors, prompted by Representative Hayes’s earlier House Bill 1271, which would have restricted Oklahoma airports from contracting with third-party identity verification companies such as Clear. Hayes explained the bill stemmed from concerns raised after a December 2022 TSA letter and broader questions about whether these vendors create security risks or bypass TSA screening. The committee heard first from Clear, then Idemia, and then Tulsa International Airport, with members focusing on how identity verification works, whether it differs from TSA screening, and whether the state should regulate these services.
Clear’s representative said the company provides an opt-in biometric identity verification service at airports, not physical screening, and that every passenger still goes through TSA screening. He said Clear operates in about 60 airports in roughly 40 states, has about 40,000 members in Oklahoma, and has paid more than $1.1 million to Oklahoma airports since launching in the state. Members questioned how Clear verifies IDs, whether Real ID is required, whether the company can manually override biometric checks, whether it shares data, and whether it has had security issues. Clear said it uses source corroboration with state DMV systems, does not sell data, has no manual override, and has worked with TSA on security upgrades after earlier concerns.
Idemia’s representative described the company’s broader biometrics work for Oklahoma and the federal government, including fingerprint systems for the Oklahoma Bureau of Investigation, civilian background-check enrollment, TSA checkpoint credential authentication technology, and TSA PreCheck enrollment. She said Idemia’s role stops at identity verification and that TSA retains responsibility for screening and for decisions about who enters trusted traveler programs. Tulsa International’s COO said Clear does not replace TSA, that TSA retains exclusive authority over screening, and that the airport leases space to Clear and receives revenue from the arrangement. No vote was taken, and the meeting ended after questions and testimony.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government Apr 15th, 2025
Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government
Transcript Highlights:
- All right, the Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government will now
- It also includes an explicit ban on local governments legalizing gambling activities that are illegal
- So the local governments understand that they don't have the right to organize gambling.
- And because the government doesn't always have to answer the call.
- Here's an important point: how it helps also get more of government, in particular state government,
Summary:
The committee first took up SB 80, the Parks Preservation Act, which would define state park purposes around conservation-based recreation and public access, prohibit uses such as golf courses, tennis courts, pickleball courts, ball fields, and hotels, require more public notice and advisory input on land management changes, and mandate reporting on park spending and maintenance backlogs. Testimony was overwhelmingly supportive, with conservation groups, youth advocates, and other members of the public backing stronger protections for state parks. The bill was reported favorably.
Members then approved SB 200, directing DEP to develop a statewide waste reduction and recycling plan, and CS for SB 496, which clarifies that timeshare facilities are governed by Chapter 721 and only need annual board meetings. CS for CS for SB 1404, dealing with illegal gambling, was amended to add reporting requirements, tighten penalties, preempt local gambling legalization, and create a process for vetting certain machines and veteran-service-organization gaming questions; the bill drew significant concern from veterans groups and others over vague machine definitions and the need for clearer standards, but it was still reported favorably. The committee also passed SB 622 to allow pari-mutuel permit holders to lease facilities across horse-racing classes.
The committee next approved CS for CS for SB 712 after adopting a strike-all and amendment that covered synthetic turf rules, change-order timelines, public works scoring, elevator and alarm contractor issues, mass timber code updates, pool and spa contractor scope changes, spaceport building-code exemptions, and solar/energy-storage inspection provisions. Support came from timber, construction, and industry groups, while pool contractors objected to parts of the scope changes. The committee also reported favorably CS for CS for SB 1742, a major condominium reform bill that pauses reserve funding after milestone inspections, expands financial flexibility, adds disclosure and conflict-of-interest rules, and increases data collection and oversight; members from both parties praised the sponsor’s work on condo issues.
Finally, the committee approved SB 1574 on renewable natural gas infrastructure and SB 1580 authorizing DEP coastal resiliency public-private partnerships. It also passed CS for SB 1760, which requires certain public officials and agency leaders to meet Florida residency or proximity requirements. The last bill, SB 820, would codify the Office of Faith and Community in the Governor’s office; while supporters said it would permanently support faith-based and community organizations and improve coordination, several senators raised concerns about church-state separation, the office’s ties to Hope Florida, and whether codifying it could make the program more political. Despite those concerns, the bill was reported favorably.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Floor Session Apr 10th, 2025
California House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Government and Politics program for the third year in a row.
- Government and Politics students.
- , not fighting the federal government, but working with the federal government.
- That's not a problem at the federal government.
- Then you relate that to the government.
Summary:
The Assembly met after a quorum call and prayer, then handled a series of procedural motions, guest introductions, and floor actions. Members welcomed student groups from Hope International University and Vacaville High School, and later recognized several guests connected to public safety dispatch. The chamber also adopted multiple re-referrals and procedural requests, including moving bills between committees and taking up AB 100 on concurrence from the Senate.
A major portion of the session was devoted to ACR 34, designating April 14 as Sylvia Mendez Day. Assembly Member Ta and several colleagues spoke in support of honoring Sylvia Mendez and the Mendez v. Westminster case as a landmark in civil rights and school desegregation. The resolution drew extended partisan debate over the framing of the measure and broader issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion, but it ultimately passed on a roll call vote, with the resolution adopted.
The Assembly also recognized Dolores Huerta on her 95th birthday through guest introductions and celebratory remarks, then moved through several bills and resolutions. AB 471 on air district board compensation, AB 677 on pupil records and access to screenings for housing-insecure students, ACR 31 designating California Public Safety Telecommunications Week, and AB 1150 on airport customer facility charges all passed. HR 30 recognizing Khmer New Year also was adopted with broad support.
The most contentious policy action was AB 100, the early action budget bill. Supporters said it provided funding for wildfire prevention, hospital payments, Medi-Cal, and recovery in Los Angeles fire areas, while opponents criticized the bill for health care spending and high-speed rail. After a failed attempt by Assembly Member DeMaio to amend the bill and an unsuccessful appeal of the chair, the Assembly concurred in the Senate amendments and sent AB 100 to the Governor. The day ended with consent calendar approvals and adjournments in memory for several community members, including Larkin Carol Wells, Carmen O. Perez, and Oscar B. Ramos.