Video & Transcript : 'first grade' :

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MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Seclusion in Minnesota Schools: A new working group evaluates the procedure Aug 15th, 2025

Minnesota Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • me, behind these doors, a group of lawmakers, advocates, and other experts are meeting for the very first
  • When I went on a school tour of a setting three school when he was in first grade, and I saw the room
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
FL

Florida 2026 5th Special Session

FL House Floor Session - 2026-03-04 (10:00AM Session)

Florida House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Please read the first amendment.
  • Read the first amendment. On the desk, Madam President. Read the first amendment.
  • Read the first amendment.
  • Read the first amendment.
  • Read the first amendment.
Summary: The Senate opened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several introductions and moments of silence, including tributes to fallen service members. The chamber then moved through a special order calendar focused on a series of bills, with most measures receiving unanimous or near-unanimous support after brief explanations and floor debate. Several bills were temporarily postponed, but the body took up and passed multiple others, often substituting identical House companions before final passage. The first major measure, SB 1062 on speech and debate education, drew extensive supportive debate from senators who described debate as a civic skill that builds confidence, critical thinking, and conflict resolution, especially for students in public schools and underserved communities. An amendment creating a Speech and Debate Hall of Fame, expanding access through public-private partnerships, and establishing coach training was adopted, and the bill ultimately passed 37-0. The Senate also passed SB 1072 creating an Anti-Semitism Task Force, with a late-filed amendment clarifying that the bill does not restrict criticism of Israel and is not intended to infringe First Amendment rights; that bill also passed 37-0. Other measures passed included a PFAS bill phasing out firefighting foam containing forever chemicals and setting testing, reporting, and enforcement requirements; an expansion of the My Safe Florida Condominium Pilot Program; student health and safety legislation expanding seizure-response training in schools; updates to funeral and cemetery regulation; protected cell captive insurance company legislation aimed at increasing insurance market capacity; nonprofit corporation updates; child welfare reforms streamlining foster-care medication approvals and related procedures; salvage title/e-signature changes; and forensic client services changes allowing certain APD clients to be housed with other secure forensic residents. Most of these bills were passed after substituting House companions and received unanimous votes. The most contentious debate came on SB 1134 regarding official actions of local governments and DEI-related activities. Senator Yarborough argued the bill would stop counties and cities from funding or promoting DEI practices he described as discriminatory or ideological, while several amendments sought to narrow the bill to spending only, add an intent requirement for penalties, and preserve local proclamations and observances such as LGBTQ Pride Month. Those amendments were rejected, and debate continued on the bill’s scope and exemptions, but the transcript ends before final disposition of SB 1134 is shown.
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

Senate Floor Session-Day 20, March 5, 2026-AM

Wyoming Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Our first piece for you is called this.
  • </c><00:40:10.160><c> Welcome</c> grade with teacher Tanal Gross.
  • Welcome grade with teacher Tanal Gross.
  • </c> well and I think uh this is a good first well and I think uh this is a good first step<01:19:21.040
  • This is basically our first meeting after the session.
Keywords: 916, all
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • So, this is your first time question. So, this is your first time serving? serving? serving?
  • I went to elementary school in Wahiawa at a small church school from third grade to 8th grade.
  • I went to elementary school in Wahiawa at a small church school from third grade to 8th grade.
  • </c> investigations and uh that was my first investigations and uh that was my first year<00:19:03.840
  • </c> Please identify yourself first. Please identify yourself first.
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The committee first heard HCR 96, which encourages the University of Hawaiʻi to evaluate and expand student mental health services. University of Hawaiʻi Associate Vice President Farah Marie Gomes testified in support and noted the system’s mental health and basic-needs efforts across all 10 campuses. Members discussed staffing and funding constraints, including that the system had 27 adult mental health positions, 21 filled and six vacant, with one vacancy open for about four years. The resolution was adopted unanimously, unamended. The committee then took up several gubernatorial appointments. GM 785 nominated Wendo Hensel to the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE), and GM 784 nominated Terry George to the same body. Both nominees testified about the value of Hawaiʻi’s participation in WICHE; Hensel emphasized the importance of sharing policy ideas and best practices, while George highlighted Hawaiʻi’s unique higher education needs and the benefits of learning from other western states. Both nominations were supported and moved forward. The committee also considered multiple appointments to the Hawaiʻi Commission for National and Community Service. Kylie Alakard described wanting to serve as a youth voice and role model, and Ray Galas spoke about his prior volunteer board experience and desire to help people connect through service. Sandra Larson said volunteerism and community service were important to her and that she wanted to give back. The committee then heard GM 771 and GM 772 for Ken Kawahara to the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaiʻi; Kawahara said he would bring business and government experience to help with internal operations, education, and strategic goals, though he acknowledged he was still learning the organization’s details. Members also began hearing GM 624 for Joshua Famuina to the University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents, with student caucus testimony in strong support emphasizing his attendance, communication, and engagement with students.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Community Affairs Mar 25th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • FIRST IT LACKS A CLEARLY IDENTIFIABLE PUBLIC PURPOSE.
  • HE HAS FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS.
  • I HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR YOUR SINCE THE FIRST ITERATION 1834.
  • I HAVE TO AGREE I DON'T THINK A COUNSELOR COMMISSION ACTUALLY HAS A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT HAS A FIRST
  • RIGHT SEPARATE AND APART FROM FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

PSM DEFER, PSM Public Hearings 03-20-2026

Public Safety and Military Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • First up is House Bill 2062, House Draft 1, relating to gun violence prevention.
  • First up is House Bill 2062, House Draft 1, relating to gun violence prevention.
  • Um, up first doorways and entranceways.
  • Hawaii</c><00:16:12.959><c> Emergency</c> first up, we have Hawaii Emergency first up, we have Hawaii
  • First up we have uh Department delivery.
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The Committee on Public Safety and Military Affairs took up several measures, beginning with House Bill 2413 on pre-trial reform, which had been deferred from a prior agenda. The chair said the committee would incorporate judiciary recommendations and other technical, non-substantive amendments to continue discussion, and the measure was adopted with amendments by a 2-1 vote, with one member excused. The committee then heard extensive testimony on House Bill 2062, which appropriates funds for gun violence prevention efforts, including processing temporary restraining orders and gun violence protective orders and funding public awareness campaigns. Supporters, including county, advocacy, law enforcement, and student witnesses, said the bill would improve implementation of an existing law, save lives, and reduce suicides and violence. Opponents argued red flag laws can be abused, raise due process concerns, and may create dangerous enforcement situations. Written testimony was reported as 60 in support, 47 in opposition, and one comment. The committee later passed HB 2062 with amendments, including a corrected effective date, by a 3-1 vote with one member excused. The committee also considered House Bill 1957 on safe entryways, which would establish enforcement procedures in larger cities to prevent blocking of private doorways and entrances. Written testimony included support and opposition, but no oral testimony was offered, and the bill was passed with technical, non-substantive amendments. House Bill 253 on fireworks, which expands civil asset forfeiture for felony fireworks offenses and clarifies air-delivery provisions, was also passed with an amended effective date. House Bill 2581 on emergency management, which would narrow the definitions of disasters and emergencies, drew testimony both supporting the bill as a check on emergency powers and opposing it as incomplete or too broad in its current form; decision-making on that measure was deferred to the committee’s March 23 meeting. House Bill 2498 on a care home resilience pilot program was also deferred to March 23 after no testimony was offered.
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

Senate - Education Feb 13th, 2026

House Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • I first like Senator Pope's my first point of personal privilege.
  • I first, like Senator Pope, my first point of personal privilege.
  • They look at the first day of school; they're there the first day of school together.
  • First time. I'm a little disappointed.
  • First out to the audience, those in support.
Bills: HB30, HB120, HJR1, SB210, SB306
Summary: The Senate Education Committee began with announcements about likely upcoming meetings and a reminder that public testimony could be limited if bills drew large crowds. Members also introduced student shadows and briefly recognized them. The committee then took up House Bill 30, which would revise the Teacher Residency Act to strengthen teacher recruitment and retention by tying resident stipends more closely to minimum level-one teacher salaries, increasing support for residents who already hold bachelor’s degrees, and giving residents more flexibility to complete their service in any public school rather than only the sponsoring district. The sponsor and supporters from educator preparation programs, unions, and advocacy groups said the bill would make residency programs more sustainable, help rural districts, and improve teacher preparation. The bill received support from the Public Education Department and several education organizations, and the committee voted due pass. The committee next heard House Bill 120, as amended, which would clarify and limit the use of restraint and seclusion in schools. The sponsor explained that the bill came from a task force and is intended to clarify existing law rather than create a new mandate, with clearer definitions, stronger documentation, family notification, and limits on dangerous practices such as prone, mechanical, or chemical restraint. Supporters included PED, the special education ombuds office, disability rights advocates, teachers’ unions, parents, and civil rights groups, who emphasized student safety, trauma prevention, and better training for staff. One opposition witness from the school superintendents’ association argued the bill could add burdens and that more time was needed to implement current law. Committee members raised concerns about protecting teachers and aides during violent incidents; sponsors responded that the bill is meant to give staff clearer guidance and emergency-response tools, not replace disciplinary procedures. The committee voted due pass. House Joint Resolution 1, a constitutional amendment to create nominating commissions for university regents, was then presented. The sponsor said the goal is to reduce purely political appointments by having nonpartisan commissions recommend regent candidates, while also changing how student regents are selected so students have a direct voice rather than the university president choosing the student regent. AFT New Mexico supported the measure, citing concerns about donor or insider appointments and backing student representation. Committee members questioned how many commissions would be created, who would appoint their members, and how many names would be sent to the governor; the sponsor said those details would be set later in enabling legislation. The committee approved the resolution on a due pass vote, sending it onward in the process. The committee also quickly passed Senate Bill 306, which would align state higher education accreditation language with federal terminology by removing the distinction between regionally and non-regionally accredited institutions and changing reporting and fee requirements for smaller private institutions. Finally, Senate Bill 210, an appropriation for athletic and related facilities at New Mexico Highlands University, drew the most debate. Supporters said the university’s athletic facilities are outdated and inadequate, especially for women’s soccer and track, and that the project would help student-athletes and Title IX compliance. Committee members questioned the $80 million request, noting that only $3 million was currently in the budget for the three Division II schools and expressing concern about priorities amid other education funding needs. The sponsor and university president said the project could be phased and that private fundraising is also being pursued. Despite reservations and some no votes, the committee ultimately voted due pass. The chair closed by reminding members to plan on meeting Monday at 9 a.m. and said the committee was adjourned.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Commerce and Tourism Mar 25th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • NOTHING TO DO WITH INFRINGING ON FIRST A MOMENT RIGHTS.
  • FIRST WE HAVE JD MCCORMICK SPEAKING AGAINST. MR.
  • FIRST UP WE HAVE DOCTOR RICH TEMPLIN.
  • FIRST I APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY TO MEET WITH THE BILL SPONSOR AND STAFF.
  • FOR MOST IT MEANS THEIR FIRST YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

December 4, 2025 - 11:00 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • WE WILL HEAR FROM BOTH PRESENTERS FIRST AND ASK QUESTIONS OF BOTH. WE WILL BEGIN WITH MR.
  • WE WILL GET TO THE SLIDE FIRST. IT IS UP.
  • SO FIRST OF ALL, YOUR LEADERSHIP IS AMAZING SIR.
  • FIRST MASS SCHOOL SHOOTING EVENT HAS SCHOOL RESOURCE OFFICERS ON CAMPUS.
  • I BELIEVE THE POSITION IS CAMPUS POLICE IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE.
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Informal House Session 55 Jun 11th, 2026

Massachusetts House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • seated in the third and fourth divisions: guests of Representative Scanlon, students of the fifth grade
  • The Chair would like to take this opportunity to welcome the guests seated in the first division: guests
Summary: The House opened with the Pledge of Allegiance and then took up several committee reports and procedural motions. It adopted a resolution designating August 8 and 9, 2026, as a sales tax holiday, concurred with the Senate on a joint petition establishing a sick leave bank for Edward Suber of the Department of Youth Services, and suspended Joint Rule 12 for two other petitions: one concerning health care worker platforms and another allowing Adams Fire District firefighters to serve past age 65. The House also welcomed visiting students from Amvet Boulevard Elementary School and guests of other members. The House then considered a series of bills recommended by the Steering, Policy and Scheduling Committee, including sick leave banks for Shannon Manning and Stephanie Rivera and House Bill 4443 on the maximum age for original appointment as a firefighter or police officer. After suspending Rule 7A, the House ordered those bills to a third reading. It also enacted H. 5392, authorizing North Attleboro to establish a means-tested senior citizen property tax exemption. Later, the House passed several bills to be engrossed: Senate Bill 2574 providing accidental death benefits for the surviving spouse of a former Boston firefighter, Senate Bill 2967 concerning ownership and maintenance of Town Line Brook and Lindenbrook culverts and dams, House Bill 4716 amending the Pittsfield city charter, and House Bill 5358 authorizing Newton to place municipal charge liens on property for unpaid local charges, fees, or fines. The chamber also observed a moment of silent tribute for Michael P. Higgins of Woburn, adopted an order to meet again Monday at 11 a.m., and adjourned to that time in informal session.
ID

Idaho 2026 Regular Session

Agenda Jan 14th, 2026

Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • And I'm married to a retired grade school principal, so delighted to be here. I'm Tony.
  • This is my first year on this committee. I left JFAC with Sonia. Different reasons.
  • My first term, still a freshman, obviously.
  • To say this is my first term, this is the first time I have sat in a committee meeting, period.
  • And the first part, well, tomorrow and then the first part of next week, what I'd like to do is for everyone
Keywords: 989, all
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Commerce and Tourism Mar 10th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • FIRST UP, WE WILL TAKE TAB NUMBER FIVE.
  • THAT WAS MY WIFE'S FIRST JOB. WORKING FOR PUBLIX. NOBODY WOULD HIRE ME FOR MY FIRST JOB.
  • MY FIRST JOB WAS WORKING AT THE EDISON MALL.
  • WE HAVE ALL MADE SACRIFICES FOR THAT FIRST JOB.
  • THEY DON'T HAVE THE FIRST JOB. GOING INTO WORK ON DAY ONE, PUNCHING A CLOCK.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
OK

Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session

Local and County Government Apr 21st, 2026

Local and County Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • Senator Reinhart, you are first on the agenda.
  • However, in this committee we presume ourselves to be gentlemen, so we will allow the ladies to go first
  • Well, the first thing I would look to is the statutory authority granted by the legislature for the board
  • He's been a sixth-grade homeroom teacher and middle school literature teacher at Holy Family Classical
Summary: The Senate Committee on Local and County Government met and first considered the nomination of Mary Westman to the Oklahoma Department of Libraries Board. Senator Standridge presented Westman, highlighting her background in nursing, health care, law, and business. Westman said she would focus on working within the board’s statutory authority, supporting local communities, and using resources efficiently. After a brief question-and-answer period, the committee voted 6-0 to advance her nomination to the full Senate. The committee then considered the nomination of Samuel Alaback to the same board, presented by Senator Reinhardt. Reinhardt emphasized Alaback’s leadership experience at Oklahoma State University and his work as a middle school literature teacher. Alaback said he wanted to help address the state’s literacy challenges and support libraries as community spaces, while learning from other board members. Following questions about his priorities and plans, the committee voted 6-0 to advance his nomination to the Senate. The meeting then adjourned.
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • I had a part when I was in the second grade.
  • I was in a I was in the second grade.
  • </c><00:21:49.440><c> First,</c> 43 included two big changes. First, 43 included two big changes.
  • Uh first Thank you very much Mr. Chair.
  • So why are we doing all of this in the first place?
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The committee first approved the minutes from its June 3 meeting and received an opening update on transportation revenues. Leadership noted that the gas tax formula dropped 4.1 cents on July 1, reducing road fund revenue by about $125 million, and warned that city, county, rural, and secondary road funding will be affected. The chair said the committee would likely have to be selective about transportation project requests given the reduced revenue outlook. The main presentation was an update on the I-69 bridge project. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet officials said the project is the missing link in the Henderson-Evansville corridor and is being delivered in three sections, with Kentucky leading section two. They said section two is a $933 million project, with Kentucky’s share described as $58 million and the balance Indiana’s, and that toll revenue will be used to finance the project through a TIFIA loan and Garvey bonds. Officials said Kentucky and Indiana have executed an agreement under House Bill 546 to use tolls, are working on a broader bi-state development agreement, and will ask the General Assembly next session to carry forward $150 million in general funds without conditions and to ratify the agreement. Members asked about the timeline, toll sharing, whether tolls would sunset, and whether US 41 bridges would remain open for local traffic; officials said construction is planned for 2027, tolling would begin in 2031, toll revenue would be shared 50/50, and at least one US 41 bridge would remain open for local use. The committee then heard a combined update from the Department of Vehicle Regulation and the Division of Motor Vehicle Licensing on implementation of several recent changes. Officials reported that the new registration category for special-purpose vehicles is fully operational statewide, with all counties enrolled and 292 vehicles processed so far; they also said counties received at least five plates each and that the program is permissive, not mandatory. They described implementation of Senate Bill 43’s medical review board reforms and third-party driver’s license issuance framework, saying the medical review process has been updated and that third-party partners may eventually handle easier transactions such as renewals, name changes, and address changes, while initial issuances would remain at KYTC regional offices. They also reported that the sheriff’s inspection process has been integrated into CAVIS, reducing paperwork and fraud and improving tracking. Members asked about communication to counties and cities with differing local rules, the number of counties participating, and how to coordinate multiple policy changes; officials said all counties are enrolled, though not all have submitted applications, and that they are still finalizing the scope of third-party services.
WA
Transcript Highlights:
  • She did a terrific job educating me through my first bill drafting for this committee.
  • Questions for the first panelist? I just want to make sure I understand.
  • The NCLEX pass rate Tim talked about—they insist on 80% on the first try.
  • The NCLEX pass rate Tim talked about—they insist on 80% on the first try.
  • Should I move my amendment first, Mr. Chair, or just the bill?
Summary: The Postsecondary Education & Workforce Committee held courtesy hearings on three bills before moving to executive session. House Bill 2443 would create an Armed Forces Reserve post-secondary education grant for members of the Armed Forces Reserve and their spouses or dependents, with repayment required unless the reservist serves one year for each year of benefit received. The prime sponsor said the bill is intended to extend educational support similar to what Washington National Guard members already receive. Testimony was generally supportive, emphasizing military readiness, recruitment, and fairness to reservists; one clarification was made that the bill applies to Armed Forces Reserve members broadly, not just the Army Reserve. House Bill 2567 would restore Washington College Grant and College Bound Scholarship award amounts for students attending four-year private, not-for-profit institutions. The sponsor and many students, school leaders, and private college representatives argued the 2025 cuts were inequitable, harmed low-income and first-generation students, and limited student choice. Supporters said the state’s dedicated financial aid account has grown and that the cuts disproportionately affected students at private institutions. Opponents, including representatives from public universities, argued state dollars should prioritize public institutions and questioned whether aid should be shifted away from state schools. Testimony was mixed but heavily pro, with sign-ins reported at 1,584 total, including 1,572 in support. House Bill 2498 would change nursing education oversight by limiting the Board of Nursing’s authority where programs are nationally accredited and by expediting approval for new programs. The sponsor and several community college leaders said the bill would reduce unnecessary barriers, speed program expansion, and help address the nursing shortage, especially in rural areas. The Board of Nursing, nursing educators, employers, and professional associations opposed the bill, arguing that state oversight is needed for public safety, Washington-specific workforce needs, and consistent standards, and that the board is already revising its rules through an open process. The committee then took executive action on two other bills: it passed Second Substitute House Bill 2363, allowing supervised music therapy practice for up to six months while exam results are verified, with an amendment delaying implementation to January 1, 2028; and it passed Substitute House Bill 2422, shifting private security guard license fees from applicants to employers and delaying implementation to November 1, 2026, by a 9-7 vote.
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

Senate - Education Jan 28th, 2026 at 09:05 am

Senate Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • Let me first address the gifted issue, because people don't understand.
  • And we're first going to do supporters, and then we'll have opposition after that. Mr.
  • The first is that it is codifying, strengthening, and signaling the priority.
  • Are we seeing a problem there first or foremost?" "Mr.
  • Senator Ezzell is up first, and let me know if you want to be on the list. Mr.
Bills: SB64, SB19, SB44, SB83
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • First time I was arrested maybe 10; first time I was actually in a juvenile detention center, I was 13
  • For us to put you first, to put our future first, to put our priorities where our budget is, right?
  • First of all, incredible.
  • The first one, Measure J.
  • I won my first match.
Keywords: 988, house, all
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

05/04/2026 - Senate Floor Session

Arizona Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Farnsworth, First, retirement, Mr.
  • Please read the first bill.
  • Please read the first bill.
  • Go ahead and read the first bill.
  • But first I will say, That we are discussing here. But first I will say one thing I do appreciate.
Keywords: 1182, all
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • , if you look at the East Gallery today, joining us from Grove Upper Elementary, we have the fifth-grade
  • Colton started 12 years ago when I first got elected. No, eight years ago when I first got married.
  • Colton started 12 years ago when I first got elected, no, eight years ago when I first got married, 10
  • Either the first point of, I guess, purchase, how do those two impact that fiscal impact of over $1.3
  • The lines, the flow lines from the wellhead to the point of first sale, are a part of production.
Summary: The House convened with a roll call, prayer, and Pledge of Allegiance, then heard several introductions and special recognitions, including students and civic groups in the galleries, the Morris Eagles High School Academic Team, Calumet state champion teams, and Cherokee Nation Day at the Capitol. Cherokee Nation Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. delivered extended remarks focused on tribal investments in public education, health care, housing, child care, rural infrastructure, and workforce development, and he urged lawmakers to preserve Medicaid expansion, saying it has brought major health-system revenue, jobs, and broader economic benefits to Oklahoma. The chamber also recognized the Doctor of the Day, Dr. Abby Woods, and Nurse of the Day, Kara Delapena. Members made personal remarks about the Pauls Valley High School incident and a trooper accident, with prayers offered for those affected. Representative Rowe highlighted the courage of school officials and first responders in Pauls Valley and tied the event to the Legislature’s recurring school safety funding. On legislation, the House adopted House Resolution 1045 designating the second week of April as Lung Cancer Action Week. Senate Bill 227, dealing with gross production tax and ad valorem taxation of oil and gas production equipment and flow lines, drew extensive debate over alleged double taxation and fiscal impacts; it passed 76-14. Senate Bill 1627, a criminal statutes cleanup measure addressing duplicate sections from modernization, passed 89-0 and its emergency clause also passed 89-0. The House also approved motions to request further conference on House Bills 2155 and 2157, and then adjourned until the next day.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Agriculture Committee Meeting - 2025-04-02

Agriculture, Veterans, Broadband, and Rural Development

Transcript Highlights:
  • First of all, this is my first opportunity to be in the Ag Committee, so I brought some treats to pass
  • First, we will go to Joan Olson.
  • First, our farm is now a fourth-generation farm.
  • All right, I have first on my list Andrea Vaubois.
  • First of all, erosion—specifically wind erosion.