Video & Transcript Research : 'parish law enforcement'
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NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Criminal Justice and Public Safety (03/05/2025)
Criminal Justice and Public Safety
Transcript Highlights:
- law enforcement would have.
- enforcement when it comes to enforcing our drug laws.
- to enforcing our drug laws.
- law enforcement through the with the law enforcement through the northern<01:52:07.480>
border - law enforcement up by and how we support law enforcement up by the<01:52:40.159>
border <01:52
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Criminal Justice and Public Safety (02/05/2025)
Criminal Justice and Public Safety
Transcript Highlights:
- federal law federal law enforcement enforcement enforcement ignore<01:20:48.080>
best <01: - <01:29:29.040>
enforcement find that local law enforcement find that local law enforcement - <01:34:30.000>
enforcement clerk as well as a law enforcement clerk as well as a law enforcement - <03:55:13.760>
enforcement express that to keep law enforcement express that to keep law enforcement - Are you still in law enforcement?
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Appropriations Committee on Transportation, Tourism, and Economic Development Mar 26th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- enforcement to have better enforcement than they have right now under the current law, because the current
- It would be enforced the same way that when a law enforcement officer visualizes any violation of the
- This law gives law enforcement the tools and the capability to actively enforce this.
- Was it law enforcement? They don't want to enforce a frivolous bill?
- But everywhere I go, law enforcement is for this.
Summary:
The Appropriations Committee on Transportation, Tourism, and Economic Development met to review its fiscal year 2025-2026 budget proposal and several bills. The chair outlined a roughly $18 billion budget area, including major funding for the Department of Transportation work program, Visit Florida, library/cultural/historical initiatives, affordable housing, National Guard tuition assistance, and Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles needs. The committee adopted a motion allowing technical adjustments and then approved the budget proposal as a recommendation to the full Senate Appropriations Committee.
The committee next heard and approved CS/SB 666, creating a Miami Northwestern Alumni Association specialty license plate, with proceeds supporting scholarships, academic, athletic, and arts programs at Miami Northwestern Senior High School. Members praised the school’s academic and athletic achievements, and the bill was reported favorably without opposition. The committee also heard extensive testimony on CS/SB 1318, which would rename Florida’s texting-while-driving law as the hands-free driving law and expand the prohibition to handheld use of wireless devices, including in work zones. Supporters, including law enforcement, health care, bicycling, and crash victims’ advocates, argued it would save lives and make enforcement clearer; some senators supported the goal but raised concerns about enforcement, privacy, and impacts on drivers with older vehicles. The bill was reported favorably.
The committee then approved SB 1408, designating memorial highways in Hillsborough and Charlotte counties for Master Patrol Officer Jesse Madsen and Sergeant Elio Diaz, and SB 1516, creating the International Aerospace Innovation Fund to be administered by Space Florida to support partnerships between Florida and international aerospace companies. Both bills were reported favorably with little debate. Senators also requested to be recorded in the affirmative on selected bills, and the meeting adjourned.
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
Appropriations and Budget Public Safety Subcommittee - Afternoon Session Jan 12th, 2026 at 01:00 pm
Public Safety
Transcript Highlights:
- and operates the primary basic law enforcement academy for the state.
- Our mission is to enforce Oklahoma's alcohol and tobacco laws fairly.
- But recruiting and retaining qualified law enforcement.
- Just like any other law enforcement officer through the state.
- There are former law enforcement officers in this room right now.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
Appropriations Committee on Transportation, Tourism, and Economic Development Mar 26th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- >> It would be enforced the same way that when a law enforcement officer visualizes any violation of
- This law gives law enforcement the tools and the capability to actively enforce this as my understanding
- from our law enforcement partners that Florida has a law and order state.
- This bill is not feeling because law enforcement doesn't want to.
- enforcement officer must inform language that said that the law enforcement officer must inform the
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- We're going to shift from tax policy to support of our law enforcement.
- So this is a proclamation in support of law enforcement in Arizona.
- As you may all know, This is a proclamation in support of law enforcement in Arizona.
- enforcement heroes on the walls of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, dating back to 1786
- America's fallen law enforcement heroes on the walls of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Public Safety Finance and Policy Committee 3/26/25
Public Safety Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- law enforcement substantial experience law enforcement<00:03:48.800>
officers <00:03:49.600> <00:13:33.800>- to lawful pursuit of a suspect who is fleeing law enforcement or who the law enforcement agency reasonably
- who
the is fleeing law enforcement or who the is fleeing law enforcement or - law enforcement agency reasonably law enforcement agency reasonably believes<00:13:36.360>
might - >
officers law enforcement law enforcement officers law enforcement law enforcement officers get
AR
Arkansas 2026 Regular Session
ALC-GAME & FISH/STATE POLICE Feb 18th, 2026
ALC-GAME & FISH/STATE POLICE
Transcript Highlights:
- fleeing from law enforcement a felony.
- Chris Chapman, Director for Law Enforcement Standards and Training for the State of Arkansas.
- And pretty disheartening to good law enforcement officers to be able to see that.
- It's the commissioners of the Law Enforcement Standards and Training. It's that group...
- And your program covers all levels of law enforcement. Is that correct? Yes, ma'am.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Appropriations Committee on Transportation, Tourism, and Economic Development Jan 28th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- Has there been any conversations with the stakeholders and even people in the public, law enforcement
- I thought, boy, she's in law enforcement. Why would she oppose this bill? You're recognized, sir.
- I thought, boy, she's in law enforcement. Why would she oppose this bill? You're recognized, sir.
- And obviously, as you all know, I will stakeholders, including the law enforcement community.
- Law enforcement typically, and so we don't want any of that data to go out where it shouldn't be.
Summary:
The Appropriations Committee on Transportation, Tourism, and Economic Development met with a quorum and considered five bills. Senate Bill 628, naming a portion of South Navy Boulevard in Pensacola as Warrior Sacrifice Way to honor three Navy sailors killed in the 2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola attack, drew supportive remarks from senators and was reported favorably. Senate Bill 382 addressed electric bicycles and scooters by requiring riders to yield to pedestrians, limit speed near pedestrians, and use audible signals, while creating an e-bike safety task force and reporting requirements; witnesses from law enforcement, local government, and school boards supported the bill but urged clearer inclusion of e-scooters and better data collection, and the bill was reported favorably. Senate Bill 880 created a Miami Northwestern Alumni Association specialty license plate to fund scholarships and school programs, and Senate Bill 696 authorized online trademark registration applications and updated trademark classification and verification procedures; both were reported favorably with little opposition.
The committee also took up Chair DeSigley’s CS for SB 654 on traffic infraction enforcement cameras for red-light running, school-zone speeding, and school-bus violations. The bill aimed to increase consistency, transparency, and fairness by limiting data use, requiring records retention, authorizing virtual hearings, restricting commissions, and adding school board approval and reporting requirements for school-bus camera programs. An amendment was adopted to clarify several provisions, including the definition of careful and prudent driving, limits on camera data use, contract timing for commission prohibitions, and reporting on violations outside authorized enforcement periods. Members raised concerns about privacy, surveillance, school-zone notice, and whether all-day school-zone enforcement should continue; Hillsborough County law enforcement testified in support of all-day enforcement based on crash data, while the sponsor said he would continue working on clarifications. After debate, the amended bill was reported favorably.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
Criminal Justice Feb 11th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Please talk to your local law enforcement, talked to law enforcement and other states and recognize and
- We also charged with murder of a law enforcement officer.
- Current law does not carry an enhanced penalty for manslaughter 100 false law enforcement.
- on a law enforcement officer, then we can work on our way to murder of a law enforcement officer.
- defines law enforcement officer both in the way that a law enforcement officer becomes a law enforcement
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- It's going to fall on law enforcement.
- >
the <00:46:09.359>our law enforcement but primarily the our law enforcement but primarily - law enforcement officers will how our law enforcement officers will act<00:52:24.400>
upon <00 a <00:56:54.640>police train law enforcement so that a police train law enforcement sosome law enforcement officers to some law enforcement officers to some liability<00:58:39.680
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Appropriations Committee on Criminal and Civil Justice Jan 21st, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- They're not law enforcement, right?
- enforcement and the victim is cooperating with law enforcement. violence at the hands of someone they
- enforcement and the victim is cooperating with law enforcement. ...been reported to law enforcement,
- and the victim is cooperating with law enforcement.
- One appearance form: Will Grissom, waiving in support, Florida Department of Law Enforcement.
Summary:
The Appropriations Committee on Criminal and Civil Justice heard and approved several bills. SB 504 and its related public records bill SB 506, both by Sen. Burgess, would allow local governments to authorize code enforcement officers to use body cameras under standardized policies and create a public records exemption for certain recordings; members raised questions about disclosure and when cameras may be used, and both bills were reported favorably. The committee also approved CS/SB 32 and SB 210 by Sen. Sharif, creating a new injunction for protection against serious violence by a known person and extending public records protections to petitions under that injunction category. Supporters included law enforcement, women’s advocacy groups, and justice organizations.
The committee then favorably reported SB 676 by Sen. Arrington, which creates a graduated penalty structure for adults who involve minors in certain animal cruelty offenses and increases penalties related to fighting or baiting animals. SB 432 by Sen. Yarbrough was also approved; it adds certain concentrated 7-OH to Schedule I, exempts FDA-approved veterinary xylazine products, creates penalties for candy-like xylazine products, and establishes trafficking penalties for xylazine. Sen. Osgood spoke in support of the bill, emphasizing the dangers of adulterated street drugs for people with substance use disorder.
Finally, the committee approved SB 524 by Sen. Simon, which makes a series of technical and administrative changes affecting the Medical Examiners Commission, district medical examiner appointments, the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission, and notice procedures for administrative complaints. The Florida Department of Law Enforcement appeared in support. All measures were reported favorably, and the committee adjourned without objection.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
April 10, 2025 - 02:00 PM
Transcript Highlights:
- Remember. ...felt should never be in law enforcement. So how was it resolved?
- I also ended up getting a divorce, but that happened sometimes in law enforcement.
- We expect more of our law enforcement today than we ever have in the past.
- In statute, we're part of law enforcement, and there's a game out there.
- I want to protect our law enforcement, but I also want to protect the victims.
Summary:
The Government Operations Subcommittee heard three bills. HB 1479, by Rep. Baker, created a public records exemption for lethality assessment forms and the victims’ answers under the domestic violence lethality assessment law. The sponsor said the goal was to protect victims and keep the form consistent statewide; a question was raised about whether other agencies such as DCF could access the information. The only public testimony was in support, and the bill passed 17-0 and was reported favorably.
The committee then took up HB 317, by Rep. Fabricio, which would require complaints against law enforcement and correctional officers to be written and sworn, require officers to receive the complaint and supporting evidence before interrogation or discipline, and keep unfounded investigations out of personnel files and from being used for promotions or commendations. Supporters, including the Fraternal Order of Police and a state corrections PBA representative, argued the bill would protect officers from frivolous or retaliatory complaints. Opponents, including the Florida Police Chiefs Association and the Florida Sheriffs Association, warned it would undermine transparency, early warning systems, accreditation, and accountability, and could discourage legitimate anonymous complaints. Several members debated the balance between officer due process and victim protection; the bill passed 11-6 and was reported favorably.
Finally, the committee heard HB 961, a Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles measure presented by Judge Maney. A strike-all amendment replaced the original language with a package aimed at improving customer service and efficiency in driver and vehicle services, including online title and registration requests, longer renewal periods for certain permanently handicapped persons, and a new misdemeanor offense for selling DHSMV appointment slots. The amendment and the bill as amended were supported by Florida tax collectors, adopted, and the committee passed HB 961 unanimously, 17-0, with a favorable report.
VT
Transcript Highlights:
- law enforcement identification. law enforcement identification.
- Subsection B provides a list of definitions to describe law enforcement agencies and law enforcement
- <00:07:08.560>
enforcement identification for all law enforcement identification for all law - enforcement agencies and law enforcement enforcement agencies and law enforcement officers.<00:07:56.400
- No law enforcement enforcement agencies.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Criminal Justice Dec 9th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- and common practice amongst the law enforcement community.
- enforcement and the safety of law enforcement and victims.
- common practice amongst the law enforcement. by the first DCA and common practice amongst the law enforcement
- enforcement and the safety of law enforcement and victims.
- Current law does not carry an enhanced penalty for manslaughter when it involves law enforcement.
Summary:
The Criminal Justice Committee met with several members excused and first took up SB 350, which clarifies public records protections for crime victims and extends temporary confidentiality to law enforcement officers involved in use-of-force incidents for 72 hours, with a possible written extension up to 60 days. Senator Graal said the bill was intended to align with the Florida Constitution’s victim definition and to address privacy concerns without allowing indefinite withholding. Testimony from Marsy’s Law and the Florida PBA supported the measure, though there were questions about the 60-day period. The committee reported SB 350 favorably.
The committee then considered two domestic violence-related bills by Senator Berman. CS/SB 296, after a delete-all amendment, directs a study of a secure web-based alert platform that would give domestic violence victims a unique phone number and code-based emergency alert system, and it expands Florida’s address confidentiality program to dating violence victims. Several speakers, including survivors and advocates, described the need for safer ways to seek help without alerting abusers. The bill was reported favorably. CS/SB 298 similarly expanded confidentiality protections for the Haven Coordinating Council records to cover dating violence victims, and it was also reported favorably.
Later, the committee heard SB 398, which updates Florida statutes by replacing the term “child pornography” with “child sexual abuse material,” including conforming changes to the offense severity ranking chart. The bill was reported favorably. The committee also heard SB 156, the Jason Raynor Act, which changes resisting-an-officer language, removes references to lawful or unlawful duty in favor of “any duties,” and adds manslaughter of a law enforcement officer to offenses requiring a life sentence. Law enforcement groups supported the bill, while the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers raised concerns about removing judicial discretion and eliminating a statutory protection against force when an officer knows an arrest is unlawful. Despite those objections, the committee reported the bill favorably.
Finally, the committee approved SB 168 on public nuisances, which expands nuisance law to include gambling houses, increases penalties, allows attorney fees, and authorizes foreclosure for unpaid fees, and CS/SB 54, which after amendment focuses on medical examiner procedures and reporting related to violent offenders and toxicology/psychotropic drug review. Both bills were reported favorably. The meeting ended after members recorded additional affirmative votes and the committee adjourned.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House fraud committee reviews HF3542 2/23/26
Transcript Highlights:
- So there may be some conflict between some of this language and federal law in terms of law enforcement
- So there may be some conflict between some of this language and federal law in terms of law enforcement
- So there may be some conflict between some of this language and federal law in terms of law enforcement
- office, maybe the federal um federal law office, maybe the federal um federal law enforcement<00
- /c><00:10:02.399>
enforcement federal law in terms of law enforcement federal law in terms of
Summary:
House File 3542 was heard in committee and moved forward with a recommendation to be re-referred to the Children, Families, Finance, and Policy Committee. The bill would change current law so that the commissioners of Human Services and Children, Youth, and Families must disclose the existence of an investigation, rather than may disclose it, with the stated goal of increasing transparency to the public and legislature.
Members and agency officials discussed concerns that mandatory disclosure could tip off subjects of investigations, especially in fraud cases, allowing them to destroy evidence, coordinate stories, or otherwise interfere. The Department of Human Services and the Inspector General said disclosure can compromise investigations and noted that providers are typically notified when payments are reduced, suspended, or withheld, though federal law can sometimes require delayed notice. Representative Pinto offered an A2 amendment to require disclosure within 30 days unless it would compromise an investigation, but it was rejected.
Representative Hudson then offered an oral amendment stating that disclosure would be required if the commissioner has taken action to reduce, suspend, or withhold payments to the subject of the investigation. The chair waived the rule to allow the oral amendment, and it was adopted. Staff clarified that the bill would only require disclosure of the existence of an investigation, not underlying details, and would not address trade secret redactions. After the amendment, the committee approved the motion to re-refer the bill.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Public Safety Committee Apr 29th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Providing these types of tools for law enforcement is crucial.
- Because law enforcement can’t do it alone.
- You know, when that law was passed about the loitering, it did put a big damper on law enforcement.
- It ensures law enforcement enforces the law, but also pauses just for a moment to ask questions, offer
- “And four of them are represented by law enforcement.
Summary:
The committee heard several public safety measures, beginning with housekeeping items and the adoption of a four-bill consent calendar. Bills on the consent calendar included AB 476 on metal theft, AB 619 on California Conservation Corps training for formerly incarcerated people, AB 1192 on child abuse or neglect reporting, and AB 1239 on human trafficking data. Several bills were pulled by the authors before hearing, and the committee also announced that AB 379 would be heard with a file notice waiver and AB 63 would be for testimony only.
The most extensive discussion was on AB 366, which would require ignition interlock devices for anyone convicted of DUI. The author, Senator Archuleta, and a MADD representative gave emotional testimony about family members killed by drunk drivers and argued the bill would save lives. Support came from law enforcement, fire, medical, auto club, and safety groups. Opposition from public defenders and criminal justice advocates focused on loss of judicial discretion, costs for low-income drivers, and concerns about vendor oversight and effectiveness. The committee voted to pass AB 366 as amended to Appropriations.
The committee also heard AB 1380, which would create a permanent pathway into firefighting careers for formerly incarcerated people who served on Cal Fire hand crews. The author and supporters said the bill would recognize service, improve reentry, and reduce recidivism; a fire labor group withdrew its opposition after amendments were discussed. The measure passed to Appropriations, though it remained on call pending one additional vote. AB 461, which would remove criminal penalties for parents of truant K-8 students and replace them with supportive responses, drew broad support from education and justice advocates but no opposition testimony; it was also passed to Appropriations and left on call pending one more vote. ACR 60, recognizing the Downey Police Department’s special-needs communication program for interactions with people with disabilities or sensory challenges, was adopted unanimously.
The committee then heard AB 746 on creating an inmate cooperative program and a green reentry reserve for incarcerated workers. Supporters said it would build job skills, dignity, and reentry success; there was no opposition testimony. The bill passed to Appropriations and was left on call pending votes. Finally, AB 379 on human trafficking drew strong support from survivor advocates, law enforcement, and local officials for creating a survivor services fund and targeting buyers, but also strong opposition from survivors and civil liberties groups who warned it would criminalize vulnerable people and revive harmful loitering enforcement. The committee discussion continued with members weighing survivor support, public safety tools, and concerns about the bill’s amendments and scope.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Rules Jan 27th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- officer to be engaged in the lawful performance of a legal duty to a requirement that the law enforcement
- Current law does not carry an enhanced penalty for manslaughter when it involves law enforcement.
- This legislation amends the law to add manslaughter when committed against a law enforcement officer
- He gave his heart to our city and to law enforcement.
- It's a current law that says a law enforcement officer or any person helping them is not justified in
Summary:
The Committee on Rules met with a quorum and took up a long agenda of bills, most of which were reported favorably. Early measures included CS/SB 62 on candidate qualification, which would allow qualified candidates or political parties to sue over violations of party-affiliation qualification requirements, and CS/SB 156, the Officer Jason Raynor Act, which would clarify resistance-to-officer language and impose a mandatory life sentence for manslaughter committed against a law enforcement officer. SB 156 drew strong support from the City of Daytona Beach and law enforcement groups, while the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers opposed parts of it, arguing the bill removed existing limits on force and erased sentencing distinctions. The committee also approved several open-government sunset review bills, including CS/SB 7014, SB 7016, CS/SB 7012, SB 7000, SB 7002, SB 7004, SB 7006, and SB 7008, all of which extend or preserve public records or meeting exemptions for topics such as social media investigations, small business loan records, motor vehicle enforcement records, emergency shelter information, military affairs records, conviction integrity unit materials, Public Service Commission proceedings, and Gaming Control Commission records.
The committee also approved SB 624, allowing batterers’ intervention programs to offer optional faith-based activities, with supporters saying faith-based counseling can help reduce domestic violence and opponents not appearing in the excerpt. HB 167 on former phosphate mining lands was reported favorably after supporters from the Florida Chamber and Associated Industries backed the bill, which limits strict liability claims involving natural geological substances on former phosphate mines but not phosphogypsum stacks. CS/SB 48 on housing, as amended, would require local governments to allow accessory dwelling units, limit certain local barriers, and extend housing incentives; it drew broad support from housing, business, real estate, and advocacy groups. SB 288 on rural electric cooperatives, CS/SB 364 on CPA licensure modernization, SB 292 on public records protection for appellate court clerks, CS/SB 296 and CS/SB 298 on domestic and dating violence protections and related public records exemptions, and SB 386 on farm equipment warranty protections were also reported favorably, generally with supportive testimony from affected industries, advocacy groups, or public safety stakeholders.
Later, the committee approved SB 168 expanding public nuisance law to include gambling houses and increase penalties and enforcement tools. It also heard but temporarily postponed CS/CS/SB 290 on the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services after the chair allowed public testimony because many stakeholders had traveled to attend; one opponent, a longtime builder, argued the bill could criminalize contractors who withhold payment for deficient subcontractor work. The meeting concluded with members recording additional votes on selected bills and then adjourning.
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Criminal Justice and Public Safety (01/29/2025)
Criminal Justice and Public Safety
Transcript Highlights:
- and purposes, law enforcement.
- <00:51:42.960>
enforcement make the oplc another law enforcement make the oplc another law - enforcement no it does not provide a law enforcement no it does not provide a law enforcement<01
- law enforcement perspective um from a law enforcement perspective um these<01:42:08.360>
every - <04:39:11.600>
Enforcement community protect Law Enforcement community protect Law Enforcement
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Select Committee On Racism, Hate, And Xenophobia Jun 25th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- These resources include updated law enforcement bulletins on laws prohibiting hate crimes, a hate crimes
- prepared law enforcement are to do this.
- For law enforcement training, and POST is working on these things.
- law enforcement.
- other law enforcement entities, and that we continue to... ...other law enforcement entities, and that
Summary:
The Select Committee on Hate, Racism, and Xenophobia met to examine the scope of hate activity in California and hear from state agencies, commissions, and community organizations. The chair opened by framing hate as a persistent crisis affecting many protected groups, and Assembly Member Gonzalez briefly joined the committee. The first panel included the California Department of Justice and the California Commission on the State of Hate, both of which presented recent data and policy recommendations.
The Department of Justice reported that in 2024 California saw 2,023 reported hate crime events, 2,568 hate crime offenses, and 2,491 victims, with anti-Black bias remaining the most common category, followed by anti-Jewish and anti-Latino bias. DOJ also said referrals for prosecution increased, and it described its hate-crimes guidance, rapid response protocol, and multilingual resources. The Commission on the State of Hate said hate is undercounted in law enforcement data and cited a survey suggesting about 2.6 million Californians experienced at least one hate act in a year, including more than half a million potentially criminal incidents. It recommended permanent data infrastructure, mandatory law enforcement training, and continued funding for community-based prevention and victim support.
The committee then heard testimony from representatives of the NAACP, LULAC, Jewish Public Affairs Committee of California, CHIRLA, Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California, CARE, Equality California, and the Racial Equity Commission. Witnesses described systemic racism, anti-immigrant enforcement, antisemitism, Islamophobia, anti-Asian bias, and anti-LGBTQ+ hate, often linking these harms to political rhetoric, social media, and federal actions. They urged the Legislature to fund programs such as California vs. Hate, Stop the Hate, nonprofit security grants, language access, school and mental health supports, and legal assistance, while also protecting civil rights, due process, and free speech. No formal votes or committee actions were taken during the hearing, but members indicated they would request additional recommendations and continue the discussion in future hearings.