Transcript Highlights:

• I filed a bill last session that got a hearing. It didn't go anywhere past that.
• It then is incumbent on the prosecutor to file an indictment within 90 days.
• It's the bill I filed that if you're charged, The bill I filed states that if you're charged with a crime
• So they don't necessarily have the right to refuse an investigation.
• In fact, I don't know how I'm going to file this bill.

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Letter of appointment has been filed and the oath was previously administered.
• House Bill 893 will be filed for the second reading calendar.
• House Bill 725 will be filed for the second reading calendar. March 16, 2026: Mr.
• House Bill 660 will be filed for the second reading calendar.
• Speaker, I wish to file a rule of 80.

Keywords: 989, all

Summary: The House convened with 67 members present, approved the journal, welcomed a substitute member, and received Senate messages and committee reports. Several bills were printed, referred, or advanced, including new House bills on medical advanced healing, state affairs, solid waste, public assistance, and other topics. The House also received and processed multiple committee recommendations, including bills on health and welfare, judiciary, state affairs, and commerce, along with enrollment and transmittal of previously passed bills. On the floor, the House passed a series of measures after debate. These included House Bills 838 and 721 on budget-process and plan-review issues, House Bill 817 on a mobile cigar business permit, House Bill 752 on restroom/changing-room restrictions, House Bill 680 on recording child abuse investigative interviews, House Bill 860 on medical parental rights-related fixes, House Bill 875 on vacancy-based personnel budget calculations, House Bill 876 on the State Board of Education maintenance budget, House Bill 877 on vocational rehabilitation rent, and House Bill 795 responding to litigation concerns over House Bill 710. House Joint Memorial 18, urging Congress to prohibit unauthorized solar geoengineering over Idaho, also passed. Later, the House suspended rules to take up and pass House Bill 826 on the Honey Commission, House Bill 832 on CTE professional qualification rules, House Bill 843 on the homeowners exemption, House Bill 872 on ballot formatting for constitutional amendments and initiatives, and Senate Bills 1242, 1243, and 1283 on potato commission cleanup, soil and water conservation code cleanup, and direct sales from small producers. Senate Bill 1373, a maintenance appropriation for economic development agencies, also passed. Most measures were approved with little or no debate, though several drew discussion over budget process, education funding cuts, election administration, and restroom policy.

Transcript Highlights:

• Senate File Number 2511, an act relating to liquor. The message is signed by Thomas S.
• First reading of Senate File Number 2511, an act relating to liquor.
• Amendment Hansen moves to amend House File Number 2438, the second engrossment.
• The next bill on the calendar for today is House File 2431.
• To present to you House File 2431, the Higher Education Finance and Policy Bill.

Transcript Highlights:

• And if this municipality or mayor or whoever refuses to follow the law, the attorney general has a right
• It's... we can address this as the officials that refuse to follow the law and be reasonable about it

Summary: The committee first approved the minutes from January 21 and 22, 2026, and briefly welcomed a young visitor introduced by Representative Skog. The main item was Representative Hill’s proposal, RS 32882, a bill to restrict which flags may be displayed on government property. Hill said the measure was intended to prevent local officials from flying political, religious, or ideological flags and to ensure the American flag remains preeminent. He described allowed flags as including the U.S. flag, state flags, military flags, recognized tribal flags, certain nation-state flags, the Basque Autonomous Community flag on special occasions, and official Idaho university or college flags, while excluding city and county flags. He also said enforcement would include a $2,000-per-day-per-flag penalty and possible injunctions by the attorney general. Members raised questions about the bill’s scope, including whether it would apply to city and county flags, banners on boulevards and rights-of-way, parade flags, and community event displays. Hill repeatedly said the bill was aimed at government-owned property and official government displays, not parades, but also confirmed that city and county flags would be prohibited because they could be used for political statements. Some members supported the bill’s goal of limiting political messaging, while others argued it would unnecessarily eliminate longstanding local flags and community displays, and that the Basque carve-out was inconsistent with the bill’s stated purpose. Several motions were offered. An initial motion to introduce RS 32882 failed 7-7. A substitute motion by Representative Skog to introduce the bill with an amendment adding “official city or county flags” on line 22 passed 12-2. The committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• Every single FFL dealer must refuse sales to a prohibited person.
• Every FFL dealer must refuse a sale if the buyer appears intoxicated or mentally impaired.
• They must refuse straw purchases. Already a law.
• They must refuse straw purchases. Already a law.
• This bill specifically ensures that FFLs are filed. Is that correct?

Summary: The Senate convened, established a quorum, offered an invocation, and handled several announcements and courtesy motions, including excusing some members and relaxing the dress code. The chamber then adopted committee reports on several bills, including Senate Bill 50, Senate Bill 30, and Senate Bill 43. It then moved to third reading of Senate Judiciary Committee substitute for Senate Bill 17, the “Stop Illegal Gun Trade and Extremely Dangerous Weapons Act.” SB 17 was read at length and explained by Senator O’Malley and co-sponsor Senator Bergman as a gun crime prevention measure aimed at dealer security, employee training, recordkeeping, reporting requirements, inspections, and a ban on future dealer sales or transfers of certain firearms and accessories, including high-capacity magazines, .50-caliber rifles and cartridges, gas-operated semi-automatic firearms with detachable magazines, and machine guns. Supporters argued the bill targets the retail-to-criminal pipeline, improves accountability, and would help reduce gun trafficking and violence. Opponents argued it infringes on constitutional rights, would not stop criminals from obtaining guns, and would burden law-abiding citizens and dealers. The chamber then debated Floor Amendment No. 1 by Senator Brantley, which would have struck Section 7, the portion banning certain weapons and devices. Supporters of the amendment said Section 7 was the most constitutionally vulnerable part of the bill and would likely be litigated, while opponents said the section was central to the bill’s purpose and consistent with Second Amendment case law. The amendment failed on a roll call vote, 15-22. A second amendment by Senator Block, which would have exempted certain under-21 employees from the bill’s age restriction if they were military members, veterans, or had completed hunter safety or 4-H programs, was then taken up and debated, with supporters emphasizing military training and youth firearms education as evidence of responsibility.

Transcript Highlights:

• The amendment that I have filed ensures long-term public safety funding by requiring the state to backfill
• The total number of amendments that had been filed on this H.J.R. when it was taken up for consideration
• This is not correct, but I believe that was filed as an individual appropriation project by a member.
• If this is language that we want to do, then we need to file a bill and give us an opportunity for it
• It needs to go through the complete legislative process, be filed as a bill, go through committees, and

Keywords: 998, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Late-filed substitute amendment barcode 948-904. We will take that up.
• Any objection to taking up the late-filed substitute amendment?
• they feel like they'd like to make a rate filing.
• Come on ahead and plead your rate filing. Through the chair.
• Filed for a historic $8.9 billion rate increase over the next four years.

Summary: The committee met with a quorum and considered several bills, reporting each favorably after hearing sponsor presentations, public testimony, and member questions. SB 578 would allow wine to be sold in recyclable containers, aligning wine with beer container rules; it received support from Americans for Prosperity and passed without debate. SB 606 clarified when guests in public lodging or food service establishments may be removed for nonpayment, updated notice and checkout provisions, and removed a mandatory arrest requirement, with support from hotel and restaurant industry groups; it also passed favorably. Members then heard SB 202, which addresses a municipal water utility surcharge issue affecting Miami Gardens and North Miami Beach by requiring the utility to charge residents where the plant sits the same rate it charges its own residents. The sponsor and supporters described it as a fairness issue, while North Miami Beach argued it would shift costs and threaten utility finances; the bill was reported favorably. SB 570 modernized and clarified the scope of work for swimming pool and spa contractors, and SB 928, as amended, regulated non-approved disposable nicotine devices by restricting advertising and display, increasing inspections and penalties, and adding a school-buffer provision; both were reported favorably. The committee also approved SB 346, which repeals state preemption over local regulation of hoisting equipment and cranes, prompted by concerns after Hurricane Milton and a crane collapse in St. Petersburg. Supporters said local governments need authority to address storm-related crane safety, while industry representatives warned against patchwork regulation and said local oversight already exists in some areas. Finally, the committee took up SB 652, creating Veterinary Professional Associates to perform certain tasks, including limited surgeries under veterinarian supervision; animal welfare groups supported it as a way to expand access, while some veterinarians opposed the surgery provisions. The bill was reported favorably after amendment. The committee then began SB 354, a major overhaul of Public Service Commission oversight, including expanding the commission, adding financial expertise, tightening rate-setting and storm-hardening review, and increasing transparency for nonprofit water and wastewater utilities; the substitute amendment was adopted and public testimony was heard from consumer advocates and utility-related groups, but the transcript ends before final action on the bill.

Transcript Highlights:

• It's timely filed. Senator Grall, you're recognized. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
• It's timely filed. Senator Grawle, you're recognized. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
• But really, there were 34 actually filed. So we don't just get the two.
• Someone votes in one area or another, but it would have to do with what your address is on file with
• Not everyone is required to have an email on file with the supervisor of elections, but everyone does

Summary: The Senate Committee on Ethics and Elections met to consider SPB 7016, a major bill revising Florida’s constitutional initiative petition process. Senator Grall presented it as a fraud-prevention and ballot-integrity measure that would add sponsor training, stricter circulator rules, more voter identification information, faster submission deadlines, notice to voters whose signatures are verified, and additional civil and criminal penalties. The committee also considered several amendments, including a $1 million bond requirement, font and page limits for petition forms, restrictions on incentive-based circulator pay, removal of a criminal-conviction prerequisite for certain fines, deposit and reimbursement procedures for supervisors of elections, invalidation of petitions gathered by ineligible circulators, mandatory circulator training, and a prohibition on public funds being used to advocate for or against constitutional amendments. All of the amendments were adopted, with some roll-call votes recorded and most passing on party-line or near party-line splits. The bill drew extensive questioning from senators, especially about the practical effects of the new requirements. Senator Polsky and Senator Rouson raised concerns about disenfranchising voters, burdening grassroots volunteers, the cost of bonds and deposits, the 10-day return deadline, and whether voters would be notified if a petition they signed was later invalidated. Grall said the measures were intended to protect the constitutionally significant initiative process, reduce fraud, and ensure sponsors—not taxpayers—bear administrative costs. Dave Ramba, speaking for supervisors of elections, supported the deposit and reimbursement concepts but warned that the bill’s implementation would be operationally difficult and that software vendors might not be ready for the changes by the effective date. He also said the process should avoid subsidizing petition drives with county taxpayer money. Public testimony was overwhelmingly opposed, with speakers from Common Cause Florida, the League of Women Voters, the NAACP Florida State Conference, Florida Rising, Equal Ground, Voices of Florida, and other civic groups arguing the bill would suppress direct democracy, criminalize volunteer activity, impose excessive costs, and create confusion and litigation risk. One speaker from the Florida Chamber of Commerce supported the bill, saying the initiative process should be protected from fraud and outside interests. During debate, Senator Polsky argued the Legislature has steadily made the initiative process harder after recent citizen-led amendments succeeded, while supporters framed the bill as a necessary integrity measure. The committee had not yet taken final action on the bill itself by the end of the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, this is my bill that we heard previously relating to certain files maintained by a law enforcement
• Here in Texas, Qatar previously filed a lawsuit to prevent Texas A&M. from disclosing funding records
• There are 28 charges filed. Zero. Conviction, theft, and espionage, zero. Conviction.
• They told me that they have to file legal paperwork because I.
• We refuse to accept.

Bills: HB17, HB34, HB41, HB 118, HB 119, HB 127, HB 128, HB 129, HB 130, HB132, HB133, HB17, HB41, HB118, HB119, HB127, HB128, HB129, HB130, HB132, HB133

Keywords: foreign ownership, real estate, national security, designated countries, Texas property law, lobbying, foreign adversaries, compensation prohibition, transparency, civil penalties, higher education, foreign adversary, research security, trade secrets, academic partnerships, HB 128, sister city, sister-city agreement, international exchange, municipal diplomacy

Transcript Highlights:

• I will be filing Senate Bill 2.
• I will be filing Senate Bill 2 with a few tweaks based on what has come out of the investigative committee
• The standards that protect other children this summer exist because you refused to let these failures

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• One week before the filing deadline in December 2009 and armed with nothing but conviction and passion
• When rural hospitals were closing at the rate of five per year, Senator Perry refused to accept the quiet
• Session after session, he filed bills, amended budgets, and convinced skeptical bean counters that a

Bills: SB27, SB30, SB293, HB4, HB2974, HB5138, SJR36, SJR50, SJR63, SCR12, SCR39, SB2023, SB62, SB666, SB847, SB284, SB854, SB810, SB1505, SB583, SB507, SB1434, SB1772, SB2016, SB1122, SB731, SB397, SB508, SB1436, SB287, SB1882, SB393, SB1791, SB209, SB2429, SB1085, SB1975, SB2717, SB1262, SB636, SB2056, SB884, SB1200, SB1845, SB2458, SB801, SB3014, SB3013, SB758, SB2797, SB2076, SB2876, SB1640, SB1449, SB1181, SB1234, SB2926, SB2841, SB1528, SB1854, SB317, SB1250, SB2082, SB1237, SB2819, SB629, SB2608, SB1602, SB2009, SB867, SB640, SB1698, SB2680, SB913, SB1071, SB1086, SB1087, SB1483, SB1444, SB1553, SB1556, SB1703, SB2133, SB2297, SB2298, SB2622, SB2955, SB2334, SB1367, SB2044, SB2363, SB2565, SB1888, SB3036, SB3057, SB3043, SB3063, SB3035, SB203, SB2688, SB2522, SB2459, SB2655, SB2251, SB1884, SB2928, SB2566, SB2549, SB2553, SB2919, SB1944, SB1232, SB1798, SB2603, SB2607, SB2683, SB1319, SB3045, SB3071, HB796, HB1523, HB5294, HB748, HB3395, HB180, HB3171, HB146, HB5596, HB5694, HB1135, HB3225, HB186, HB1449, HB3793, HB112, HB104, HB3336, HB3520, HB3320, HB5663, HB2399, HB111, HB3483, HB4580, HB3748, HB632, HB4730, HB5690, HB5689, HB3385, HB4359, HB5381, HB123, HB5606, HB1057, HB3664, HCR141, HCR40, HCR59

Keywords: judicial conduct, judges discipline, judicial compensation, retirement benefits, judicial transparency, SJR 50, constitutional amendment, Texas Constitution, Article VIII, securities tax, transaction tax, occupation tax, financial markets, broker-dealer, stock exchange, securities exchange, trading platform, clearing agency, transfer agent, FINRA

Transcript Highlights:

• If a parent refuses to participate, the school can ask for a court order to compel a parent to meet with
• This is an action that has to be filed in district court, assuming in the situs, the county where the
• Was there a bill filed? This session to specifically address that problem on its own?

Bills: HB1022, HB2856, HB3114, HJR5, HB6, HB120, HB210, HB1458, HB1188, HB3126

Keywords: HB 1022, Sul Ross State University, Rio Grande College, Texas State University System, Education Code, higher education, course levels, upper-level college, lower-division courses, community college-style courses, Del Rio, Eagle Pass, Uvalde, Board of Regents, academic programs, university expansion, HB 2856, Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, clinical training placements, clinical rotations

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm not filing a complaint. All right, thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, members.
• I have sat in on the higher committee at UT Law, and we have seen young professors refuse to come to
• and recognizes Senator Creighton to explain the difference between the substitute and the original filed

Summary: The Senate Education Committee K-16 resumed public testimony on Senate Bill 735, a Holocaust education bill. Alice Min spoke in support, saying learning about difficult parts of history is important for understanding American history and the experiences of minority communities. Sheila Hemphill also supported the bill but urged broader language to include multiple genocides and more instructional material. After a brief exchange, public testimony on SB 735 closed and the bill was left pending. The committee then heard Senate Bill 800, which would strengthen higher-education orientation materials on sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking policies, and Senate Bill 2310, which would require public institutions to post clearer online degree and transfer requirements. Both bills were explained by their authors, committee substitutes were adopted, no public testimony was offered, and each bill was left pending. Senate Bill 2055, a cleanup bill for the Texas Leadership Scholars Program, was also heard and left pending after no testimony. A major portion of the meeting focused on Senate Bill 1069, which would require investigations and mandatory termination for faculty found to have discriminated against students based on religion, with a department placed under conservatorship after a termination. The author said the bill was meant to address religious discrimination and protect students; several witnesses, including Muslim and Jewish law students and other advocates, argued it was too vague, lacked a definition of religious discrimination, threatened academic freedom, and could chill speech. The bill was left pending after testimony. The committee also heard Senate Bill 2972, which would set new limits on expressive activity on public university campuses, including restrictions on encampments, masks, sound amplification, and protests during finals; opponents said it would restrict free speech and protest rights, while the bill was adopted as a committee substitute and left pending. Senate Bill 2815, allowing students to choose the diploma name after a university merger or renaming, was briefly heard and left pending. Later, the committee took up pending business and voted out several bills. SB 2920, SB 2398, SB 2927, SB 2929, SB 1241, SB 1395, SB 401, SB 1972, and SB 2540 were reported favorably, with some committee substitutes adopted and several placed on the local and uncontested calendar. SB 1241’s substitute would have the Higher Education Coordinating Board study standardized test equivalency scores for admissions. The committee then recessed subject to the call of the chair.

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm here today on behalf of those community banks to oppose House Bill 4124 as filed.
• This is something the proponents refuse to acknowledge.
• I'd point out we did get this bill filed in Texas before Illinois passed it, so it's not an Illinois

Bills: HB245, HB245, HB700, HB2783, HB3526, HB3900, HB4061, HB4124, HB4166, HB4395, HB4534, HB4609, HB4641, HB4736, HB4738, HB4739, HB4945, HB5015, HJR175

Keywords: property tax, delinquent taxes, ad valorem, penalties, interest cap, military service, retirement, law enforcement, custodial officer, Employees Retirement System, commercial financing, brokers, registration, disclosures, finance, consumer protection, fees, deferred compensation, automatic participation, county employees

Transcript Highlights:

• members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to testify in support of three bills that I filed
• I'm honored to speak in strong support of S-147, legislation that I co-filed with my colleague, Senator
• I also see many no-fault cases being filed because the tenants simply could...
• S. 1447 filed by Senator Jalen and Senator Gomez. My name is Precious Jones.
• I could not find an apartment in the time allowed, so he filed for no-fault eviction.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government held a long public hearing focused mainly on two sets of issues: proposals to amend or repeal the MBTA Communities Act, and bills to allow local rent stabilization. Committee chairs opened by explaining the hearing would be tightly managed because of the very large number of speakers, with testimony limited to two minutes per person and written testimony still accepted by email. Members and witnesses were called in a mix of in-person and virtual order throughout the hearing. On the MBTA Communities Act, several legislators and local officials argued the law is too rigid and should be revised to account for local conditions. Speakers from small, rural, or infrastructure-limited communities such as Hanson, Halifax, Marshfield, Winthrop, Dracut, Carver, Rehoboth, and others said the law’s one-size-fits-all approach does not fit towns with limited water, sewer, transit access, or buildable land. Some filed bills would repeal the law, exempt certain communities, or create appeals processes based on infrastructure, environmental, or historical constraints. Supporters of the law’s changes emphasized local control and the need to avoid forcing development where communities believe it is impractical or inconsistent with town character. A large portion of the hearing was devoted to rent stabilization legislation, especially S. 1447 and related House bills. Supporters included legislators, city councilors, tenant advocates, labor leaders, housing nonprofits, public health organizations, and residents who described sharp rent increases, displacement, homelessness risk, and the strain on working families, seniors, students, and people with disabilities. They argued local-option rent stabilization would let municipalities cap excessive increases and prevent no-fault evictions while preserving flexibility for local conditions. Opponents, including small landlords and property owners, said rent control would discourage investment, worsen housing quality, burden responsible owners, and drive small landlords out of the market. Some witnesses also supported a Cape Cod/Island transfer fee bill and a suburban infrastructure fund, arguing those would provide local revenue for housing or roads. No votes or formal committee actions were taken during the hearing.

Transcript Highlights:

• File items 5 through 87. We pass temporarily on file item number five.
• File item 20, pass temporarily. File item 21. Pass and retain, file items 22, 23.
• Going to pass and retain on file item 29, pass and retain on file item 30, pass and retain on file item
• We'll pass and retain on file item 38. File item 39.
• Going backwards in the file to file item.

Keywords: 988, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• They're all the same in the filings.
• A rate case filing is a very large filing that we have to put before the Public Utilities Commission
• a</c><04:49:53.600><c> very</c><04:49:53.760><c> large</c><04:49:54.000><c> filing</c> rate case filing
• is a very large filing rate case filing is a very large filing that<04:49:54.560><c> we</c><04:49:54.718
• And one of the things you can filings.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• </c> file in the chain of title. file in the chain of title.
• Now, filing by entities.
• </c> We've heard uh that was Senate File 82. We've heard uh that was Senate File 82.
• </c> person that did the original filing. person that did the original filing.
• </c> session to bring forward Senate file 32. session to bring forward Senate file 32.

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• It's timely filed. Senator Grawle, you're recognized. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
• But really, there were 34 actually filed. So we don't just get the two.
• Someone votes in one area or another, but it would have to do with what your address is on file with
• Not everyone is required to have an email on file with the supervisor of elections, but everyone does
• Not everyone is required to have an email on file with the supervisor of elections, but everyone does

Summary: The Senate Committee on Ethics and Elections heard SPB 7016, a bill revising Florida’s citizen initiative petition process to address fraud, voter information, and ballot integrity. The bill and its amendments would add sponsor bonds and deposit requirements, require more identifying information from signers and circulators, bar certain felons and non-citizens from circulating petitions, require circulator training, shorten the time to submit signed petitions, require notices to voters whose signatures are verified, and change how financial impact statements are handled. Several amendments were adopted, including a $1 million bond framework, 10-point font and page limits for petition forms, a ban on incentive-based pay tied to petition counts or speed, removal of a requirement that fraud be proven by criminal conviction before administrative fines, county deposit and payment procedures for supervisors of elections, invalidation of petitions gathered by ineligible circulators, training requirements within 30 days, and a prohibition on public funds being used to advocate for or against constitutional amendments. Committee discussion focused heavily on implementation and fairness. Supporters, including the sponsor and the Florida Chamber of Commerce, argued the bill was needed to deter fraud, protect voter information, and ensure sponsors—not taxpayers—bear the costs of the initiative process. Supervisors of elections testified that county taxpayers should not subsidize petition verification, but also warned that some provisions would be difficult to implement quickly because of software and operational constraints. Senators raised questions about the bond cost, the 10-day submission deadline, notice to voters whose petitions are invalidated, the effect on returning citizens, and whether the bill could disenfranchise voters who sign petitions in good faith. Public testimony was overwhelmingly opposed. Common Cause, the League of Women Voters, NAACP Florida, Florida Rising, Equality Florida, All Voting Is Local, and other advocates said the bill would suppress grassroots participation, criminalize volunteers, create costly barriers, and favor wealthy or corporate interests. They objected especially to the bond, the new signer identification requirements, the shorter submission window, and the lack of notice when a petition is invalidated. A few supporters, including the Florida Chamber, backed the measure as a safeguard against fraud and outside influence. After debate, the committee did not reach a final vote on the bill in the portion provided, but the bill remained before the committee as amended.

Transcript Highlights:

• ordinary people doing small, courageous things: writing the letter, showing up for their neighbor, refusing
• While technically you were helping us prepare for the AP history test, you actively refused to teach
• You were literally moving us toward our future while refusing to ever stop teaching.
• our &gt;&gt; You were literally moving us toward our future future future while<00:26:17.880><c> refusing
• </c> while refusing to ever stop teaching. while refusing to ever stop teaching.

Keywords: 918, senate, all

Summary: The committee held a joint hearing recognizing the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence and focusing on civic education, free speech, voting, and Minnesota’s America 250 commemorations. Opening remarks emphasized the importance of education, Indigenous land acknowledgement, and the idea that democracy depends on informed and engaged citizens. The chair then invited student debaters from the Minnesota High School League to testify about how debate, free speech, and evidence-based reasoning have shaped their education and civic participation. The students argued that debate teaches critical thinking, helps young people engage with difficult issues, and should be protected as part of a healthy democracy; one also urged lawmakers to move beyond empty promises and take action on issues such as eviction moratoriums, ICE collaboration, and protest protections. Commissioner Willie Jett of the Minnesota Department of Education testified that public education is where citizenship first becomes real, and that schools, libraries, and educators help students learn to listen, question, debate respectfully, and understand both the ideals and failures of American history. He said democracy is something each generation must learn and strengthen, and thanked the committee for convening the hearing. Former students Sarah Griffin and Charlie Crocker then offered tributes to Senator Swedzinski, describing how his teaching encouraged civic engagement, disagreement, and action, and how his classroom shaped their lives and public service. Their remarks emphasized that democracy is not a spectator sport and that ordinary people build it through small, courageous acts. Secretary of State Steve Simon followed with testimony on Minnesota’s civic culture and voter participation. He said Minnesota has long ranked near the top nationally in voter turnout, including youth turnout, and attributed that to a combination of good election laws and a strong pro-voting culture. He highlighted school-based civic education efforts such as pre-registration for 16- and 17-year-olds and the Students Vote mock election program, and noted that Minnesota’s congressional delegation was unanimous in supporting the Voting Rights Act in 1965 as an example of the state coming together on major moral questions. The Minnesota Historical Society then began its presentation on America 250, with Kent Whitworth describing the organization’s role, the new edition of the Northern Lights curriculum, and broader commemorative activities; Dr. Bill Convery introduced historical context about how Americans have celebrated independence and how the semiquincentennial can leave a legacy for future generations.