Transcript Highlights:

• and one of the things that I learned and one of the things that I learned yesterday<00:26:22.640
• <00:36:40.000> scholarships, early uh, learning scholarships, early uh, learning scholarships
• Uh I did um learning scholarships.
• I um learned for a five camera setup.
• put towards early learning scholarships. put towards early learning scholarships. there<01:42:10.159

Bills: HF2436

Keywords: child welfare, economic assistance, child care, grant program, video security cameras, 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Kelly was robbed of her evening of learning with her peers.
• peers what I have learned is some laws peers what I have learned is some laws matter<01:09:34.880
• I learned that they're very effective.
• I learned that they're very barriers I learned that they're very effective<01:16:04.719> I<01
• :16:04.840> learned<01:16:05.080> they're<01:16:05.239> very effective I learned

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And at learned the value of hard work.
• <00:13:31.760> and Heirs Institute for Teacher Learning and Heirs Institute for Teacher Learning
• Joey told me that he learned a deeds.
• <00:49:57.760> to non-verbal child who just learned to non-verbal child who just learned to
• <08:58:38.718> in all something that my kids learn in all something that my kids learn in

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Wednesday, May 7, 2025, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• You said you learned some things during the conversations you were having over the summertime with the
• some things during the the learned some things during the the conversations<00:35:16.240> you
• What I learned from that yesterday was we don't have all the right answers and we didn't listen to the
• What<00:36:45.920> I<00:36:46.079> learned<00:36:46.320> from<00:36:46.480> that
• I learned from that yesterday was we<00:36:48.800> don't<00:36:48.880> have<00:36:49.040

Transcript Highlights:

• So today we will hear invited testimony to give additional context on the information that we learned
• Eastland, on counselors, I want to learn a little bit more about that.
• Learn from this. So I'm going to hit on a few high points here in your note. Ms.
• I've learned that the latter is one that gives me the grief.
• I've learned that the latter is one that gives me the grief.

Keywords: 1185, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Chad Heinrich to present to the committee very briefly about an announcement of an upcoming lunch and learn
• An announcement of an upcoming lunch and learn. Mr. Heinrich, you're right? Yes, I am.
• just wanted to share verbally—you should have in your inbox an invitation for an 11 a.m. lunch and learn
• and how the University of Phoenix is really embracing the technologies to teach and understand and learn
• So, an AI lunch and learn as it pertains to education—very timely.

Keywords: 1182, all

Transcript Highlights:

• 00:03:21.040> will Through my guest testimony, you will Through my guest testimony, you will learn
• 03:22.080> state<00:03:22.400> faces<00:03:23.120> a<00:03:23.440> dual learn
• that our state faces a dual learn that our state faces a dual challenge,<00:03:24.959> public
• how to reenter re-entry and learning how to reenter society.<00:14:43.199> They'll<00:14:43.519
• 10.240> guys<00:49:10.400> actually recently learned that you guys actually recently learned

Keywords: 958, all

Summary: The House Judiciary Committee met for its sixth regular-session meeting and first took up House Bill 5, as substituted by committee amendment, which would authorize KCTCS to partner with the Department of Corrections to create a vocational training campus at North Point Training Center. The sponsor and witnesses described the bill as a prison education and re-entry initiative aimed at reducing recidivism, saving taxpayer money, and meeting workforce needs, citing Michigan’s vocational village model as evidence that prison-based training can lower reoffending. Testimony emphasized that the program would include high-demand vocational fields, credentials, eligibility and security safeguards, data collection, annual reporting, and re-entry documentation such as certificates of employability and employment protections. Several members voiced support, including comments that the bill builds on existing second-chance and employability efforts. One member asked whether post-release employment outcomes could also be tracked, and the sponsor said that would be encouraged and discussed as a possible friendly amendment. After discussion, the committee voted 19-1 to adopt the committee substitute and pass House Bill 5. The committee then began consideration of House Bill 468, which would update the Kentucky Civil Rights Act to conform the state definition of disability to the 2008 federal ADA amendments and clarify the meaning of “qualified individual with a disability.” The bill sponsor said it would remove the Kentucky Human Rights Commission’s adjudicative authority over employment and public accommodations cases, while leaving investigative powers intact and preserving housing-related adjudication, with the goal of placing those disputes in court and preserving jury-trial rights. In response to questions, the sponsor said a local mandate analysis found the court impact would be minimal to moderate, and cited commission data showing relatively few hearings. The transcript cuts off during continued discussion of HB 468.

Transcript Highlights:

• they need to visit uh mines, um, forests, you know, just different parts of our cabinet agency and learn
• Um, so they apply, they get letters of recommendation and uh learn a little bit more about the cabinet
• , but more importantly learn about what it means to be a good leader. >> Very good.
• <00:02:44.720> a<00:02:44.879> little of our cabinet agency and learn a little of our
• a little bit recommendation and uh learn a little bit more<00:03:03.200> about<00:03:03.360><

Keywords: Meeting Start 00:00 Attendance Roll Call 03:09 SB 57 Discussion 04:03 SB 57 Roll Call Vote 38:37 SB 172 Discussion 41:27 SB 172 Roll Call Vote 50:23, 958, all

Summary: The committee first handled routine business, including a prayer, the pledge, recognition of an Energy and Environment Cabinet leadership academy group, a roll call establishing quorum, and approval of the previous meeting’s minutes. The main item was Senator Danny Carroll’s presentation of legislation to create a nuclear-ready site readiness pilot program in Kentucky. He said the bill is intended to help build a nuclear ecosystem in the Commonwealth by supporting early site permits, construction permits, or combined licenses, with the state contributing up to $25 million per project and a total of $75 million for up to three projects. He emphasized safeguards such as refundable funding if conditions are not met, legislative rather than authority-only selection of projects, and oversight by the Kentucky Nuclear Energy Development Authority (NIDTA). He also described related provisions on cost recovery through the Public Service Commission, tax incentive eligibility for nuclear ecosystem projects, training and consultant support for the authority, and eligibility for fusion projects. Carroll and Rodney Andrews said the proposal is meant to attract utilities, developers, and large industrial users such as data centers, and to spread projects geographically, with particular attention to Eastern Kentucky and other rural areas. They said selection criteria would include site suitability, prior site use, regional economic need and impact, geographic diversity, additional investment, federal funding status, and whether a community has applied to be designated nuclear-ready. They stressed that communities would not be forced to host reactors and could choose which parts of the nuclear ecosystem to participate in. Carroll also said the bill could help Kentucky compete with states like Texas and Tennessee, and Andrews said industry contacts viewed the proposal as a signal that Kentucky is open to investment. Members generally expressed support for the bill and its goals, while asking about taxpayer exposure, site size, permitting, grid needs, national security, and reactor technology. Carroll said the state’s direct commitment would be capped at $75 million, with any additional cost recovery depending on PSC approval and project specifics. He said small modular reactor sites would be much smaller than traditional plants, and described a model in which a utility partners with a developer and a data center, with power contracts helping offset costs over decades. On security and technology, Carroll and Andrews said newer reactors would still be subject to the same standards as larger units, and Andrews explained that next-generation designs may use different fuels and materials such as TRISO and high-assay low-enriched uranium. No vote on the bill was taken in the portion provided, and the chair noted time limits and that additional members still had questions, including one witness expected to speak against the measure.

Transcript Highlights:

• We are exploring lessons learned from not just California, but around the world.
• you feel the lessons are that have been learned.
• And we are an agency that likes to watch and listen from other departments and learn.
• And we are an agency that likes to watch and listen from other departments and learn.
• But we are here to listen, learn, and basically do better as we try to do this.

Summary: The committee first heard a presentation from WSDOT on balancing uncertainty in capital program estimates and cash flow management. WSDOT explained the differences between design-bid-build and design-build delivery, its tiered risk-assessment process by project size, and how it uses base estimates, inflation, and risk modeling to set budgets. Staff said design-bid-build estimates are generally accurate within about 1% across the program, while design-build projects carry much wider uncertainty and are better communicated as ranges; they cited a P85 budget approach and noted that large, complex projects can be affected by market competition and long procurement timelines. Members asked about the Columbia River Bridge cost growth and about value engineering, and WSDOT said it uses value engineering but has limited scope to cut costs because of project requirements and policy mandates. Troy Swing also discussed cash flow, noting that a few large projects can significantly affect biennial funding needs, and said a risk pool would not reduce overall program risk but could help manage timing if paired with appropriation and cash-flow controls. The committee then received the final presentation in the WSDOT Project Delivery and Innovative Practices study from HKA Global. The consultant said WSDOT’s estimating practices are generally robust and recommended improving transparency by presenting budget authorizations as ranges or estimate classes, better tracking estimate growth over time, and adjusting advertisement timing to avoid competing lettings. The report also discussed surety bonding, suggesting the legislature consider restoring authority for reduced bonding on select large design-build projects or using phased bonding and alternative securities. On indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contracting, the consultant said current job order contract rules are restrictive and recommended legislative changes to make such tools more usable, especially for smaller tasks and to help use unspent funds more flexibly. The committee also heard a follow-up presentation on transit-oriented development policy recommendations tied to HB 1491. The Urban Institute’s Yona Freemark said Washington has been a national leader on TOD but that housing construction, especially in the Puget Sound, has slowed sharply since 2022. He said rising construction costs, high financing costs, and local tax and rent conditions are making many TOD projects infeasible, and recommended that the state fill infrastructure funding gaps around stations, revisit MFTE affordability requirements, consider minimum rather than average density requirements near transit, and create a statewide system to track TOD outcomes such as affordability, gentrification, and transit access. Members questioned the study’s developer interviews, the role of rent control and crime, property tax assumptions, and parking needs; the presenter said the study included five private developers, that rent control was not part of the study scope, and that parking was included in the model assumptions. Finally, the committee began a presentation on regulating emissions from ocean-going vessels at berth. Staff and consultants described California-style at-berth rules, which require shore power or equivalent emissions controls so ships can shut off diesel auxiliary engines while docked. The study is examining vessel traffic, emissions reductions, implementation costs, labor and operational needs, and possible effects on port competitiveness and cargo diversion. No votes or formal actions were taken during the meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• What I also believe we learned from the prime sponsor is that there's no trail system, and that this
• What I also learned,<00:20:43.280> what<00:20:43.440> I<00:20:43.679> also<00:20
• :44.000> believe<00:20:44.159> we<00:20:44.480> learned learned, what I also believe
• we learned learned, what I also believe we learned um<00:20:45.520> from<00:20:46.400> the
• today that there's seeing that learning today that there's again<00:24:23.679> there's<00:24:

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The committee began with introductions and a description of the day’s process: a full committee work session on four bills, with no public testimony, followed by caucus and then executive action. The first bill discussed was HB 113, concerning OHRV operation on certain highways in Windsor. Representative Nab presented an amendment that would require a public hearing and Department of Transportation approval, modeled on procedures used in Coös and Grafton counties. Members discussed whether Windsor had already held a local vote or hearing, whether minutes from a town meeting existed, and whether the amendment truly preserved local control. A Windsor resident testified informally that the town had not taken a final vote and that the matter had been left to the state. Committee members also raised concerns about noise, dust, public safety, and the fact that the road in question would connect OHRVs on a state road rather than a trail system. The chair closed the work session on HB 113 and said the committee would return after caucus to vote on the bill and amendment. The committee then took up HB 595FN, relative to coastal resilience zones. Representative Nat said the bill addressed flooding concerns in both coastal and inland New Hampshire, but that the sponsor viewed it as too complex and had recommended breaking the issue into separate parts in future legislation. On that basis, Nat said it was appropriate to ITL the bill, and noted that the sponsor supported that course. No further discussion followed, and the work session was closed. Next was HB 629FN, funding the operation, maintenance, and repair of state dams. Representative Darby explained that the original bill had proposed both a waterfront frontage tax and a $5 charge tied to boat registration, but that the amendment would replace the bill by removing the frontage tax, moving the $5 dam-maintenance fee to the boat decal section of statute, and changing the effective date to January 1, 2027. Darby said the larger fee had raised concerns about impacts on current-use property and enforcement, while the revised $5 fee would raise roughly $500,000 to $600,000 annually. Representative Dunn thanked Darby and said the Marine Trades Association supported the revised approach. A question was raised about whether the original prime sponsors supported the amendment; the chair said they were on board, and Darby added that the proposal reflected recommendations from a prior study committee. The committee then closed HB 629FN and opened SB 27FN, relative to dwellings over water. On SB 27FN, Representative Derby said he opposed the bill because it would take away public access rights and amounted to a one-off legislative solution for a private concern. Representative Donnelly asked how many similar structures might be affected and whether the Department of Environmental Services knew of other cases; DES responded that there was one other related case under settlement compliance and no other active cases with the same issue. In follow-up discussion, DES clarified that the proposal was not a shoreland 50-foot setback issue, but rather involved structures extending over public water. The discussion remained focused on the scope of the bill and its potential precedent-setting effect, with no vote taken in the portion of the transcript provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• I've learned these values since kindergarten. Malama kana aloha aa malama.
• I've learned about the Ahu Pua systems, and I've brought these points to government officials, United
• <00:48:33.119> from people growing up in Hawaii learn from people growing up in Hawaii learn
• I've learned<00:48:35.520> these<00:48:35.760> values<00:48:36.000> since<00:48:
• learned these values since kindergarten. learned these values since kindergarten.

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The joint committees heard House Bill 643, House Draft 2, which would create short-term management initiatives and appropriate funds for the coconut rhinoceros beetle response program. Testimony was overwhelmingly supportive. Committee discussion focused on biocontrol efforts, including fungus and virus-based treatments, the need for a biosecure facility, and the timeline for testing and range studies. Department of Agriculture officials said initial testing is underway at the University of Hawaii, but full testing requires a higher-biosafety facility that is not yet available on island. Members also discussed funding levels, the possibility of a mobile facility, and whether the work could be accelerated. The committees later voted to pass HB 643 unamended. The committees also heard House Bill 736, House Draft 1, which would establish a three-year wastewater system and individual wastewater technology testing pilot program at the University of Hawaii Water Resources Research Center. Supporters said the bill could help certify new, lower-cost decentralized wastewater technologies and reduce the cost of cesspool upgrades while improving water quality. University of Hawaii witnesses explained that the center would test technologies, collect samples, analyze results, and provide reports to the Department of Health for certification. Members raised concerns about whether the program would help communities facing immediate wastewater issues, the length of the testing timeline, and whether technologies like the Genki ball could be included. The committee was told the pilot would likely test one technology at a time over about nine months each, though multiple tests could run in parallel later. The committees voted to pass HB 736 unamended. After those measures, the joint committee moved to an AEN-only agenda and began hearing STR 111 / SR 92, which declares a public health emergency relating to climate change and calls for statewide coordination on cross-sector solutions. Testimony in support came from the Department of Agriculture, Hawaii Public Health Institute, and others. Supporters said climate change affects public health through heat, wildfire risk, invasive mosquitoes, and other impacts, and argued that the response should involve agriculture, planning, transportation, and emergency management, not just the Department of Health.

Transcript Highlights:

• Different backgrounds than they may, and to learn, and that's a great place to do that.
• He said these programs enhance learning and health, build communities, and stimulate economic growth.
• He said these programs enhance learning and health, build communities, and stimulate economic growth.
• It was at least consistent with all the girls going to home classes to learn women's work like cooking
• It was at least consistent with all the girls going to home classes to learn women's work like cooking

Keywords: 958, all

Summary: The House Standing Committee on Postsecondary Education met to consider House Bill 4, relating to postsecondary education. Before taking up the bill, the committee adopted a committee substitute. The substitute removed language creating a private right of action and immunity provisions, added a definition of “indoctrinate,” revised language tied to the Attorney General, and added a new section directing the Auditor of Public Accounts to review compliance every four years. If an institution is found out of compliance, it would have 180 days to cure the issue or become ineligible for formula funding increases in the following fiscal year, with an opportunity to petition the Attorney General. The substitute also added language barring licensing authorities from requiring diversity, equity, and inclusion training as a condition of initial or renewal licensure. Representative Decker presented the bill as an effort to end what she described as unconstitutional DEI practices in Kentucky’s postsecondary system and to refocus colleges on academic instruction, equal opportunity, and affordability. She argued that DEI offices and initiatives have cost taxpayers heavily and have not improved enrollment outcomes for low-income and underrepresented students. Michael Frasier, testifying in support, framed the bill as an equal-protection measure rather than simply an anti-DEI bill, saying it targets preferential treatment and discrimination while exempting traditional civil-rights compliance offices such as Title IX, disability, and other anti-discrimination functions. He also argued that the bill aligns with recent U.S. Supreme Court precedent and that Kentucky should shift toward socioeconomic-based approaches. Several members raised concerns about the bill’s assumptions and effects. Representative Willner questioned the claim that DEI initiatives caused enrollment declines and asked why the state would not make such programs more inclusive instead of eliminating them. Representative Stalker argued that the bill ignored decades of exclusion in higher education and asked what would replace DEI efforts aimed at closing achievement gaps and preventing brain drain. Supporters responded that the bill addresses unconstitutional preferences and that the state should move toward equal treatment and socioeconomic factors rather than race-based criteria. After discussion, the committee substitute was adopted, and the committee continued consideration of House Bill 4.

Transcript Highlights:

• and year two is when teachers are finally able to take a breath a little bit, but they are still learning
• <00:43:20.839> every Wild West and and you're learning every Wild West and and you're learning
• Our overall goal is for students to learn and achieve, and the best way we can do that is by allowing
• and<00:46:49.960> Achieve<00:46:50.960> and<00:46:51.079> the students to learn
• and Achieve and the students to learn and Achieve and the best<00:46:51.520> way<00:46:51.680

Keywords: The previous live stream for this committee experienced a technical issue. This is the complete meeting recording recovered from backups., 958, all

Summary: The committee first took up House Bill 44, “Landon’s Law,” sponsored by Rep. Candy Massaroni. The bill would allow schools to keep anti-choking devices such as LifeVac on hand while limiting liability. Testimony from Equal First Aid and LifeVac emphasized that choking is a leading cause of death for children, that the devices are noninvasive and FDA-registered, and that updated Red Cross guidance allows their use when standard rescue protocols fail or are not feasible. Lauren McCubbins, Landon McCubbin’s mother, gave emotional testimony about her 8-year-old son’s death from choking at school and urged the committee to give schools an added rescue option. Members asked questions about how the device works, whether the Heimlich maneuver remains part of the protocol, and whether the bill is limited to LifeVac or applies to similar devices. The bill was reported favorably, with a roll call vote showing unanimous support from members present. The committee then heard a bill sponsored by Rep. J. Baker aimed at reducing administrative burdens in schools and supporting teacher recruitment and retention. The measure would lengthen the required evaluation cycle for tenured teachers from every three years to every five years, provide teachers a copy of their employment contract upon request, streamline professional development provisions, update continuous school improvement plan filing requirements, restore schools’ ability to use Title II funds for certain programs after an unintended consequence of prior legislation, and require KDE to review reporting requirements and eliminate those not required by law. Rep. Baker said the bill was developed with teachers and administrators through a working group and is intended to reduce “check-the-box” tasks so educators can focus on instruction. Amanda Butler of Spencer County Schools and other educators testified that the changes would save time, preserve funding for mentor and induction programs, and reduce repetitive paperwork. Rep. Fleming asked for clarification on the longer evaluation cycle, and an educator witness explained that each evaluation involves pre-observation, observation, and post-observation time and that districts would still retain flexibility to evaluate more often if needed. No final vote on this bill was included in the transcript excerpt.

Transcript Highlights:

• a new language and a comes with learning a new language and a new<01:06:34.319> culture<01:06
• <01:11:54.960> to follow the rules that they learn to follow the rules that they learn to
• I learned a lot, and I hope you guys will bear with me as well. minutes here you ask for minutes here
• So yes, I've used the grant money voluntarily, and I've learned a lot about it.
• So yes, I've used the grant money voluntarily, and I've learned a lot about it.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Public safety is also about making sure people can gather, worship, learn, and live without fear.
• In my remarks, Tablets and hybrid learning to expand access across facilities.
• This particular project's engagement process has really been a great learning experience for us because
• And there's a lot to be learned here, but it's also hard work.
• and learning management system.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Joint Committee on Ways and Means held its sixth public hearing on the Governor’s H-2 budget proposal for fiscal year 2026, focused on public safety and judiciary agencies, at the Foxborough Community Center. After opening remarks and local welcomes, the committee heard first from the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security, led by Secretary Gina Kwan, who outlined a $1.72 billion budget, up $69.8 million from FY26. She said the proposal emphasizes core operations, readiness, and partnerships with municipalities, and highlighted work on firearms-law implementation, State Police reform, DOC reentry efforts, hate-crimes prevention, emergency response, and planning for major events including the World Cup. Members also raised concerns about DNA backlog reporting, State Police academy boxing and training standards, ICE communication, disaster relief funding, crime lab staffing, EMS placement, and diversity in public safety leadership. Several exchanges focused on specific operational issues. Secretary Kwan and her team said the State Police are tracking the influx of forensic work from local sheriffs, that the boxing program remains suspended pending an IACP review and likely will not return in its prior form, and that EOPS has no direct communication with ICE but supports law-enforcement coordination where appropriate. On disaster preparedness, officials said the new disaster relief fund is being developed with MEMA and A&F, currently capitalized at $14 million with another $14 million expected, though members urged a more permanent funding source. On the crime lab, staff said the roughly $4.5 million increase is intended to cover core operations and a structural funding gap rather than expand services. The secretary also said EOPS is not ready to absorb OEMS from DPH at this time, though she would keep an open mind. The committee then heard from district attorneys, led by Suffolk County DA Kevin Hayden, who said the Massachusetts District Attorneys Association is seeking a 10% increase in operating budgets, including about $16.7 million for staffing salaries, to recruit and retain prosecutors, advocates, and support staff. He said the request reflects rising workload and the need to keep the criminal justice system functioning efficiently and fairly. The hearing was recessed briefly after the district attorneys’ opening remarks, with additional testimony expected to continue afterward.

Transcript Highlights:

• So, that postsecondary learning outcome.
• interest in consulting with us to learn interest in consulting with us to learn how<00:30:33.840
• When students learn they are on so much.
• I first learned of CollegeBound right at the birth of my son.
• <01:21:25.160> from think there's a lot we can learn from think there's a lot we can learn

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• When young people lack access to civic learning, they disengage.
• When young people lack access to civic learning, they disengage.
• When young people lack access to civic learning, they disengage.
• Learning, they disengage.
• c> learn about this this learn about this this issue<01:59:25.040> is issue is issue is even<01

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• a lot about data and learning a lot about data now<02:01:45.280> and<02:01:45.520> how
• Now, when we’re talking about data, we just learned that the state effectively publishes your data.
• What we just learned is that the state publishes that data for use in commercial operations.
• So, I'm very interested to learn how the state was selling data.
• Because what we learned this morning is that the processes of the state are completely broken.

Keywords: 981, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Our students and parents deserve a learning environment free of interruptions.
• Our students and parents deserve a learning environment free of interruptions.
• Our students and parents deserve a learning environment free of interruptions.
• Our students and parents deserve a learning environment free of interruptions.
• Our students and parents deserve a learning environment free of interruptions.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• department study and report differences, improvements, and, perhaps most importantly, what are the lessons learned
• place to provide for this Belle Chasse toll bridge, so we can apply those best practices and lessons learned
• place to provide for this Belle Chasse toll bridge, so we can apply those best practices and lessons learned
• South Pacific where he made friends with the natives and they helped him build a sailboat, where he learned
• and... ...where he made friends with the natives, and they helped him build a sailboat, where he learned

Bills: SCR58, SB309, SB514, HCR63, HCR69, HB401, HB487, HB722, HB730, HB745, HB988, HB989, HB1001, HB1024, HB1032, HB1050, HB1081, HB1086, HB1108, HB1172, HB1173, HB1175, HB1192, HB1218, HB1244

Keywords: SCR 58, Senate Concurrent Resolution, DOTD, Department of Transportation and Development, public-private partnership, P3, public-private partnership contracting, Belle Chasse Toll Bridge, Belle Chasse Bridge, toll bridge, tolling, tolls, transportation infrastructure, roads and highways, Plaquemines Parish, bridge project, toll fees, unauthorized charges, contract oversight, procurement