Video & Transcript Research : 'education programs'

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AR

Arkansas 2026 Regular Session

ARKANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (ALC) Jan 16th, 2026

ARKANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (ALC)

Transcript Highlights:
  • Daryl Smith, Arkansas Department of Education. Greg Rogers, Department of Education.
  • And maybe you can educate me about that.
  • Then I have issues with the types of programs recommended even by the Department of Education for school
  • This is a brand-new program.
  • It is to be the program management office for the rural health transformation program itself.
Summary: The Arkansas Legislative Council meeting began with approval of the December 2025 minutes and a presentation from the Bureau of Legislative Research on the December revenue report. Dr. Carlos Silva said gross collections were about $4.02 billion, up slightly from the prior year, and net available for distribution was also above last year but down modestly from the previous month because of higher-than-expected corporate income tax refunds. Members asked about corporate tax trends, tariffs, and inflation, and Silva said it was too early to call the corporate decline a trend and that tariff effects would likely show up mainly in sales tax collections. The council then adopted several subcommittee reports, including the Executive Committee Subcommittee, Administrative Rules, Hospital/Medicaid/Developmental Disabilities, Occupational Licensing Review, PEER, Review, State Insurance Program Oversight, and Personnel. The PEER report drew the most debate because of a Department of Agriculture grant tied to Perry County and Central Arkansas Water; members discussed whether removing the Perry County portion would affect the grant’s competitiveness, and the report was ultimately adopted with the item included. The Review Subcommittee also heard questions about a BDO contract for the rural health transformation program, with DFA explaining that the contractor would manage the program while state agencies would make funding decisions consistent with the state’s application. A major portion of the meeting focused on the Education Freedom Account appropriation tied to LEARNS. Senators and representatives debated whether the program helps families or diverts money from public schools, with supporters arguing it funds students and choice and opponents arguing it is costly, vulnerable to fraud, and harms public school funding. Department of Education officials said roughly 28,000 private school students and 17,500 homeschool students were participating, that EFA students must submit standardized tests annually, and that the requested $32 million was to cover existing participants. After multiple substitute motions and extended debate, the body rejected a motion to strip out the $32 million and then adopted the report and related motions. The meeting ended after routine approvals of additional agency items and adjournment.
AR

Arkansas 2026 Regular Session

JOINT BUDGET COMMITTEE Mar 5th, 2026

JOINT BUDGET COMMITTEE

Transcript Highlights:
  • Those programs are provided in group settings, so they're not individual education programs.
  • We educate our clients, particularly in...” “...the SNAP program, where there is a requirement for an
  • One thing I'd like to ask is maybe for education chairs or whoever—I'm not aware of the program, how
  • Professional development, there will be additional funding for that education, economic education program
  • In the past, we have done educational programs on what to do if you're pulled over, and it's probably
Summary: The committee heard budget presentations and took executive recommendations on several Department of Human Services divisions, including Aging, Adult and Behavioral Health Services; Children and Family Services; County Operations; Developmental Disability Services; and Medical Services, with most divisions showing little or no significant change in total appropriations. Staff and agency witnesses repeatedly explained that many large appropriations are maintained for flexibility, federal matching requirements, or contingency needs, even when actual spending is much lower than the authorized amount. Members also raised concerns about staffing vacancies, long-vacant budgeted positions, and the use of excess appropriation authority across DHS. In Aging, Adult and Behavioral Health, members questioned federal funding levels for mental health and substance abuse grants, the status of senior centers and Meals on Wheels, the Medicaid tobacco settlement program, community alcohol safety grants, and the veterans mental health grant. Agency officials said federal block grants are largely committed, that senior center funding had been delayed by shutdown timing but was now back on track, that the tobacco settlement program had been moved internally within DHS, and that the veterans mental health appropriation remains unfunded. Senators also criticized the adequacy of support for seniors and asked for more detail on how transportation, meal services, and local contributions are funded. In Children and Family Services, members asked about rising appropriation levels, foster care and adoption subsidies, professional fees, the number of children in foster care, and the Children’s Trust Fund. DHS said increases reflect added flexibility for residential treatment, adoption subsidies, and prevention services, while the foster care population has remained fairly steady at about 3,400 children. The Children’s Trust Fund was described as supporting primary prevention programs such as Baby and Me and community schools, and members asked whether it could be administratively combined with other efforts. Questions also covered TANF subgrants, with DHS explaining that it had reduced outside subgrants after discovering over-obligation and was rebuilding reserves. In County Operations, members focused on the summer EBT program, SNAP employment and training, the farmer’s market program, and the state’s TANF reserve position. DHS said summer EBT is still being funded through temporary appropriations because it is a newer program, SNAP employment and training is largely federally funded and may expand under a pending policy change, and TANF reserves were drawn down after prior over-obligation but are now being stabilized. In Developmental Disability Services, members asked about vacancies, human development center staffing, facility construction funds, and the Booneville work program, and DHS said the program has reopened and staffing recruitment continues. In Medical Services, members asked about FMAP, the Our Kids B CHIP program, school-based Medicaid reimbursements, nursing home distress funds, and several large appropriation lines that far exceed actual spending; DHS said these are maintained for claims payment, nursing home receivership contingencies, and other flexibility needs. Each division reviewed was adopted by executive recommendation after questions concluded.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

March 19, 2025 - 10:30 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • You only get one shot at a quality education. You only get one shot at a quality education.
  • and free lunch programs.
  • and free lunch programs.
  • We need more money in public education programs, and we need to stop attacking our educators, period.
  • This requires the school boards to continue to do the healthy sleep deprivation educational programs,
Summary: The Education Administration Subcommittee heard and advanced a series of education bills focused on transparency, accountability, attendance, school start times, student well-being, and career planning. HB 1321, by Rep. Salsman, would remove public-records and public-meeting exemptions for university presidential searches, eliminate the Board of Governors from those searches, require Board of Governors members to file full financial disclosures and be Florida residents, and expand syllabus posting requirements; it passed 15-0. HB 1079, by Rep. Botana, as amended, broadened eligibility for dropout retrieval programs to include students who withdrew and did not reengage in education, and it also passed 15-0 after a strike-all amendment and supportive testimony from a program provider. The committee also approved PCS for HB 969, by Rep. Kassel, which shifts evaluation of school mental health services to the Department of Children and Families and requires more detailed outcome data, surveys, and reporting related to the Mental Health Assistance Allocation program; it passed 15-0. HB 1367, by Rep. Booth, creates a statewide attendance policy with uniform definitions and reporting requirements to address chronic absenteeism; it passed 15-1 after support from business and education groups and some concern about state control over district policy. PCS for HB 261, by Rep. Gerwig, revises the 2023 middle and high school start-time law by allowing districts to document compliance efforts and unintended consequences rather than fully meet the mandated later start times; it passed 16-0. The most debated bill was HB 1483, by Rep. Valdez, which would align Florida’s school grading scale with the familiar 90/80/70/60 letter-grade standard over a five-year transition and require school grades to appear on student report cards. Supporters argued the current scale is misleading and too lenient, while opponents warned it would sharply increase failing school labels, create costs and turnaround mandates, and confuse parents and students. Despite extensive testimony from school board members, teachers, students, and advocacy groups on both sides, the bill passed 12-4. The committee then quickly approved HB 1245, a one-year Hunger-Free Campus Pilot Program for three universities with the highest share of Pell-eligible students, and HB 571, which expands career planning, paid work experience, and credit-transfer review for students; both passed unanimously.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Working Group on Omnibus K-12 Education Appropriations - 05/22/25

Minnesota Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Section nine is about adult basic education and moving them to a six-year program approval from five
  • or related individualized education programs, and ensures that there's meaningful participation in that
  • or or related individualized education or or related individualized education<00:21:45.919> programs
  • <00:21:46.720> and<00:21:46.960> ensure<00:21:47.280> that education programs
  • and ensure that education programs and ensure that there's<00:21:47.760> meaningful<00:21:48.320
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • programs in artificial created programs in artificial intelligence.<00:04:50.160> We've<00:04
  • Particularly noting that our education<00:14:42.079> program<00:14:42.399> is<00:14:42.639
  • program is growing in order to education program is growing in order to meet<00:14:43.920> the
  • the program are quite literally aligned with<00:16:18.320> education,<00:16:19.440> healthc
  • pursuing that education. Six to 10 pursuing that education.
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The House Budget Review Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education met without a quorum and postponed approval of the minutes. The committee first heard from Northern Kentucky University President Katie Short Thompson, who highlighted NKU’s enrollment growth, student success metrics, national recognition for value, lower student debt, and new programs tied to regional workforce needs, including AI, cybersecurity, supply chain analytics, cardiovascular perfusion, and the Norse Network Hub for employer access. She asked for a $5 million recurring base funding adjustment to align NKU’s general fund support with peer institutions, along with support for tuition waivers with FAFSA requirements, continued debt collection authority through the Department of Revenue, inclusion of fire and tornado insurance premiums in base funding, inflation and performance-funding support, and increased asset preservation funding. She also outlined capital priorities for the Hail College of Business building, Nunn Hall, and the MEP building, and requested $5.4 million to match private support for the Young Scholars Academy, a dual-credit program serving first-generation and low-income students. Representative Tipton questioned NKU about the number of older students using tuition waivers and whether the university could continue the program without a statutory age-based mandate. Thompson said the number of students over 65 using the waiver was small, that some students pursue degrees while others audit classes, and that external fundraising could potentially support the program if state funding changed. Tipton also confirmed NKU’s requested priorities and the $5.4 million match for the Young Scholars Academy. The committee then heard from University of Kentucky representative Dr. Cavallo, who framed UK’s request around accountability, workforce development, research, and health care impact. He described a patient story to illustrate UK’s medical mission, cited growth in enrollment, degrees awarded, hospital patients treated, and research grant revenue, and emphasized UK’s role in extension services and disaster response. He said UK is consolidating services for efficiency and is focusing on future workforce needs, especially artificial intelligence, noting the launch of the state’s first AI bachelor’s degree and a partnership with Microsoft to expand AI tools and training across campus and the Advancing Kentucky Together network. He also discussed demographic challenges, the need to retain graduates in Kentucky, and the importance of aligning programs and funding with long-term state needs.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
  • that allow students shorter educational programs that lead directly into the workforce and that can
  • that allow students shorter educational programs that lead directly into the workforce and that can
  • that allow students shorter educational programs that lead directly into the workforce and that can
  • program<00:31:15.279> that<00:31:15.520> leads shorter u educational program that
  • accreditation for our education accreditation for our education programs,<01:11:48.480> our
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The committee heard updates from the chancellors of the state university system and the community college system on ongoing restructuring, collaboration, and enrollment trends. The university system said its office move to the NHTI campus is ahead of schedule and should save students about $250,000 a year while creating revenue for the community college system. Both systems described continued work on transfer pathways, direct-admit outreach, shared advising, and broader efforts to shrink footprints, reduce costs, and improve operational efficiency in response to declining enrollment and demographic pressure. A major topic was a possible federal change to Pell Grant eligibility that would require students to enroll in at least 7.5 credits. The chancellors said most community college students are part-time because of work and family responsibilities, and that the change could affect roughly 2,000 current Pell recipients and make it harder for students to afford or sustain enrollment. Members also discussed how the state’s governor’s scholarship statute largely benefits full-time students, suggesting possible future statutory changes. The chancellors explained how credits typically work, noting most courses are three or four credits and that students would likely need to add an entire course to meet the proposed threshold. The committee also discussed the broader higher education landscape, including declining high school cohorts, competition among New England institutions, and the need to right-size capacity. One member raised concerns about the health of regional campuses such as Plymouth and Keene; the chancellors said incoming enrollment is down at UNH and Plymouth and holding at Keene, attributing the trend to demographics rather than one campus drawing students away from another. They emphasized the importance of community colleges, adult learners, and short-term workforce programs as part of the state’s future education mix. Finally, the committee touched on the value of the university system’s research enterprise. The chancellor said about $250 million a year flows into the university system in federal research grants, with about $9.5 million currently under stop-work orders from federal agencies. She said the immediate concern is not DEI-related but federal cuts and possible caps on indirect cost recovery. Members noted that the R1 research designation supports business partnerships, student opportunities, and economic development projects such as West Edge in Durham.
AL

Alabama 2026 1st Special Session

Alabama House Education Policy Committee Jan 14th, 2026

Education Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:11:13.040> um And it's just a wonderful program um And it's just a wonderful program um
  • It is a loan forgiveness program.
  • become an educator in state, educate uh become an educator in our<00:17:12.160> state<00:17:12.480
  • targeted to secondary education. targeted to secondary education.
  • They got both programs district.
Keywords: 1136, house, all
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
  • Our goal is to educate every child for K-12, and we use other funding to educate higher education.
  • By removing, giving people access to the education of their choice, then you're, by killing an ESA program
  • By removing, giving people access to the education of their choice, then you're, by killing an ESA program
  • Programs equal opportunities in education, and I think that we allow people to pack away money not used
  • So I support the program for special education for students with disabilities.
Summary: The Senate Committee on Appropriations, Transportation and Technology heard HCR 2048, as amended by a strike-everything amendment. The amendment would constitutionally prohibit the state from confiscating scholarship account monies from children of military families who are eligible for education scholarship accounts (ESAs) and can use the funds for tuition and fees at eligible postsecondary institutions. It also would make any later bill or voter-approved measure that violates that prohibition void in its entirety, with no severability, for measures enacted or approved on or after November 1, 2026. Representative Way, the sponsor, said the measure was intended to protect military families from having education funds taken away and argued that military children face unique disruptions because of deployments and frequent moves. Supporters including Matt Beinberg of the Goldwater Institute, Kevin Beasty of the Arizona Christian Education Coalition, Peter Gentala of the Center for Arizona Policy, and Senator Rogers said the amendment was needed to safeguard military families and preserve their ability to use ESA funds flexibly, including for college savings. Opponents, including Senators Alston, Fernandez, Kuby, and Epstein, argued the proposal was unnecessary, overly broad, and an attempt to preempt or invalidate a pending ESA-related citizen initiative. They also raised concerns about ESA accountability, public school funding, and constitutional issues involving voter initiatives and judicial review. After debate, the committee adopted the strike-everything amendment and then voted on HCR 2048 as amended. The final committee vote was 6 ayes, 4 noes, and 1 not voting, giving the measure a do-pass recommendation.
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Education (03/25/2025)

Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • <01:07:57.440> program<01:07:58.079> IEP best um um educational program IEP best um
  • um educational program IEP individualized<01:08:00.039> educational<01:08:01.039> um<01
  • :08:01.640> program individualized educational um program individualized educational um program
  • It is important for us to keep in mind that the individual education programs, the IEPs, for students
  • <01:15:28.960> for education programs the IEPs uh for education programs the IEPs uh for students
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Education (05/06/2025)

Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • clarify the distinction between approving a program and approving an educational environment.
  • She said program approval and educational environment have always exceeded federal standards and have
  • > and<01:10:57.760> an<01:10:58.000> educational approving a program and an educational
  • approving a program and an educational environment.<01:10:59.199> An<01:10:59.440> educational
  • program approval and educational program approval and educational environment<01:11:58.480> has
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Education Policy - 03/23/26

Education Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • One program that has deeply shaped my educational experience is the Vantage Advanced Professional Studies
  • program.
  • the Schools program. the Schools program.
  • PSEO program. PSEO program.
  • program itself. program itself.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • So what this bill does, it requires professional and practical nursing education programs to establish
  • Beginning August 1, 2026, any nursing education program with NCLEX passage rates more than 10% below
  • The program is designed not just to educate but to empower students like me with the tools, flexibility
  • When you take a student and you accept a student into your program, you are then responsible for educating
  • When you take a student and you accept a student into your program, you are then responsible for educating
Summary: The committee met with a quorum and took up a series of health and human services bills, beginning with CS/SB 1602, which would require hospital emergency departments to have evidence-based pediatric care protocols, staff training, child-sized equipment and medications, a pediatric care coordinator, and participation in a national pediatric readiness assessment. The bill was reported favorably after no public opposition. CS/SB 1224, aligning Florida law with federal requirements for paramedics to administer controlled substances under physician or nurse practitioner direction, also drew supportive testimony from the Florida Fire Chiefs Association and was reported favorably. CS/SB 1182, requiring coverage of continuous glucose monitors under both pharmacy and durable medical equipment benefits, was likewise reported favorably after brief support from AARP. The committee then considered CS/SB 890, the Emily Adkins Family Protection Act, which addresses venous thromboembolism by defining certain conditions as chronic diseases, creating a statewide registry, and requiring screening and training in hospitals, surgical centers, nursing homes, and assisted living facilities. Family members and blood clot advocates strongly supported the bill, but assisted living representatives objected to being included, arguing the bill would impose unrealistic medical expectations and liability on residential care facilities. Senators also raised concerns about the assisted living provisions, but the bill was reported favorably after the sponsor said more changes were likely later. CS/CS/SB 954, dealing with recovery residences and treatment centers, was amended to reduce the number of active patients from 500 to 300 and then reported favorably after extensive debate over zoning, clustering, neighborhood impacts, and access to recovery housing. CS/SB 1050, which expands the developmental disabilities pilot program and creates an adult pathways waiver option, generated the most extensive testimony. Supporters said it would help reduce the long APD waitlist and expand services, while many families and advocates warned against managed care, citing provider shortages, weak oversight, and the importance of consumer-directed care. Committee members emphasized that participation is voluntary and that people can disenroll, and the bill was reported favorably. CS/SB 614, requiring a public educational webpage about background screening and level-two screening requirements, and CS/SB 1578, expanding breast cancer screening coverage, were both reported favorably with little opposition. CS/SB 1060 created a joint legislative oversight committee for Medicaid financing and operations; after an amendment expanding the committee from three to five members, it was reported favorably. CS/CS/SB 1240, updating DCF substance abuse and mental health procedures including 988, methadone assessment, forensic evaluators, and Baker Act transfer timing, was amended and reported favorably after debate over transfer deadlines and facility responsibilities. Finally, the committee began hearing CS/SB 526, a major nursing education bill aimed at improving Florida’s low NCLEX passage rates by tightening program standards, requiring exit exams and remediation, mandating reporting and inspections, and limiting accreditation extensions. A strike-all amendment was introduced that would also require certain low-performing programs to offer a three-month graduate preceptorship. The transcript cuts off before the bill’s full debate and final action are completed.
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Higher Education Apr 8th, 2025

Higher Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • take advantage of the program.
  • It's a good program.
  • for GME, graduate medical education.
  • New medical education slots for GME, graduate medical education, the vast network that not only Texas
  • The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, in conjunction with representatives of higher education
Bills: HB42, HB125
Summary: The Committee on Higher Education met to hear several bills and first corrected the minutes from its April 1, 2025 meeting to reflect that a committee substitute for HB 271 had been adopted before the bill was reported favorably. The committee then heard HB 3326, which would help Texas higher education employees, especially adjunct faculty, qualify for federal Public Service Loan Forgiveness by counting classroom hours toward full-time status, requiring institutions to verify employment within 60 days, and requiring annual notice to eligible employees. No witnesses testified against the bill, and it was left pending. Members then heard HB 2853, authorizing UTEP to phase in a student union fee increase to fund demolition and reconstruction of its aging student union. Representative Perez and UTEP student and university witnesses said the current facility is outdated and insufficient for a campus of more than 25,000 students, while some members raised concerns about the size of the fee increase and its impact on low-income students. UTEP representatives said most students receive aid, the fee would be phased in over time, and the project was student-approved; the bill was left pending. The committee also heard HB 4066, a one-line bill to abolish the Texas Research Incentive Program after the state cleared its backlog of matching obligations, with the author saying the program was no longer needed in light of newer research funding approaches. The bill was left pending. The committee spent substantial time on HB 125, which would create the Tarleton State University College of Osteopathic Medicine. Supporters, including Tarleton leadership, the founding dean, a rural hospital CEO, and a feasibility consultant, argued the school would address severe rural physician shortages by recruiting Texas and rural students, training them in rural settings, and developing new residency slots rather than competing for existing ones. Members asked about affordability, residency placement, and whether the school would draw students from rural Texas; Tarleton said it would seek to keep tuition and debt low, had already raised private donations, and would request $25 million in state support over the biennium. The bill was left pending. Finally, the committee heard HB 42, which would increase the annual Higher Education Fund appropriation and adjust its allocation methodology. The chair and university witnesses described rising deferred maintenance, inflation, cybersecurity needs, and enrollment growth at HEAF-eligible institutions, with witnesses from Texas Tech, Sam Houston State, and UNT saying the additional funding would help address aging facilities and technology needs. After testimony, the committee left HB 42 pending and recessed.
AR

Arkansas 2026 1st Special Session

JOINT BUDGET COMMITTEE Mar 5th, 2026

JOINT BUDGET COMMITTEE

Transcript Highlights:
  • Those programs are provided in group settings, so they're not individual education programs.
  • We educate our clients, particularly in the SNAP program, where there is a requirement for an interview
  • One thing I'd like to ask is maybe for education chairs or whoever—I'm not aware of the program, how
  • , economic education program.
  • In the past, we have done educational programs on what to do if you're pulled over.
Keywords: 1204, all
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Higher Education Finance and Policy Committee 3/20/25

Higher Education Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • Our other early programs included education and liberal arts majors.
  • early programs<00:08:45.760> included<00:08:46.240> education<00:08:46.880> Lial
  • ><00:08:47.240> Arts<00:08:47.800> uh programs included education Lial Arts uh programs
  • This is for avocational programs, primarily for personal development, recreation, remedial education,
  • This is for avocational programs, primarily for personal development, recreation, remedial education,
Keywords: 1183, house
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Education Policy - 03/26/25

Education Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:20:26.919> or<00:20:27.159> AB<00:20:27.960> programming adult basic education
  • or AB programming adult basic education or AB programming the<00:20:29.200> language<00:20:29.640
  • and related individualized education program services.
  • or Services could be um special program or Services could be um special education<00:55:00.119> and
  • education and related individualized education education education program<00:55:04.440> section<
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Indian Affairs Jul 16th, 2025

House Government, Elections & Indian Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Year program as far as continuing education or acquiring workforce careers?
  • Also with me is Kimberly Dominguez, the Director of Teacher Education Programs.
  • What we want to highlight is our program, specifically the Northwestern Teacher Education Program and
  • So that's really the goal of our program is to provide these teachers with a BA in education with an
  • As an education prep program, we are always reviewing our curriculum.
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • OEQA adopted new rules allowing paraprofessional experience to count toward educator preparation program
  • OEQ is working closely with educator preparation programs and external partners to expand registered
  • OEQ restructured the Educational Leadership Oklahoma program by transitioning from a resource-intensive
  • In FY2026, our work is centered on implementation, coordinating with educator preparation programs and
  • We continue expanding the Oklahoma Educational Indicators Program dashboard.
Keywords: 914, all
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Senate Session (Part II) Feb 5th, 2025

Texas Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Senate Bill 2 relating to the establishment of an education savings account program.
  • to educate our children.
  • to quality education for every student. in Texas, not only those pursuing a private education.
  • Not just for education, but for meals, for special education services.
  • We've heard advocates of this bill have said the program offers students an education that best fits
Bills: SB2, SJR36, SB2, SB2, SR29, SB2
NM
Transcript Highlights:
  • That have never gone to teacher college and even those of us that went through the educational programs
  • My sister was an educator. My grandmother was an educator.
  • We have a sports administration program, career in tech technology, uh, uh, education program that are
  • Um, in our educational studies department, we have, uh, early childhood education.
  • We also, uh, certify in, uh, special education and elementary education.