Transcript Highlights:

• And I often went to those tax assessments, uh, discussed it, looked at our county commissioners and said
• But now the income tax, sales tax made up the difference.
• </c> from getting taxed out of their home. from getting taxed out of their home.
• </c> tax system." tax system."
• </c> the counties. the counties.

Transcript Highlights:

• impacting our counties.
• Tax cuts, and it added new tax reductions that equaled nearly $4.5 trillion.
• In addition, pushed HR1 as a tax bill to reinforce 2017 tax cuts, and it added new tax reductions that
• County, and Lake County.
• Counties of California.

Committee: Senate Budget and Fiscal Review

Transcript Highlights:

• This levy requires a tax capacity rate of about 42%, which puts us on the higher end of counties.
• This levy requires a tax capacity rate of about 42%, which puts us on the higher end of counties.
• This levy requires a tax capacity rate of about 42%, which puts us on the higher end of counties.
• I would have to ask my county board for nearly a 12% property tax increase in our next budget.
• I would have to ask my county board for nearly a 12% property tax increase in our next budget.

Committee: House Human Services Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:

• That provision requires the Riverside County Auditor to reduce the property tax revenue distributed to
• The city and county are in conversations about the property tax shift, and it is our intention that the
• of that tax.
• One, this bill is about future taxes and transfer taxes.
• One, this bill is about future taxes and transfer taxes.

Committee: House Local Government

Summary: The Assembly Local Government Committee heard a long slate of bills, with the chair opening by outlining hearing rules, noting in-person testimony only, and identifying several bills for the consent calendar. The committee repeatedly operated without a quorum for much of the hearing, so several authors closed with requests for aye votes before formal action could be taken. AB 407 (Jackson) was heard first and would broaden eligibility in state loan and financing programs to help small businesses fund environmental, seismic, and ADA upgrades; it drew support from the Treasurer’s office and no opposition. AB 93 (Papan) would require state and local agencies to develop best practices and reporting around data center water use; supporters emphasized water scarcity and transparency, while the Data Center Coalition opposed it as overly restrictive and potentially burdensome. The League of California Cities and water agencies were generally supportive or neutral with amendments. The committee also heard several housing-related bills. AB 650 (Papan) would give cities earlier RHNA information and require HCD to provide clearer, more actionable housing element feedback; it received broad support from cities, planning groups, and housing advocates, with no opposition. AB 507 (Haney) would streamline adaptive reuse of office buildings into housing, especially in downtowns, and AB 1294 (Haney) would create a more standardized housing application process; both drew strong support from housing and business groups, while local government groups raised concerns about one-size-fits-all mandates and local discretion. AB 610 (Alvarez) would strengthen housing element transparency and limit new local housing constraints and fees after certification; supporters said it would improve certainty, while legal aid and city groups opposed it as too rigid and potentially harmful to inclusionary housing and local fee authority. AB 610 ultimately received a 7-0 do-pass recommendation to Appropriations. Other measures included AB 1044 (Macedo), which would create a new groundwater sustainability agency structure for Tulare County to help the region comply with SGMA; it was backed by county and agricultural water representatives and had no opposition. AB 523 (Irwin) would allow proxy voting for single-representative member agencies on the Metropolitan Water District board, with support from several water districts and no opposition. AB 1112 (Wallace) would repeal an outdated property tax carve-out affecting Rancho Mirage; the city supported it as restoring equity, and the committee called the roll after reaching quorum, then moved the bill do pass as amended to Appropriations by a 6-0 vote with the roll left open. Finally, AB 698 (Wicks) would require analysis of the housing, market-rate, and property tax impacts before a local transfer tax is adopted; supporters said it would inform local decision-making, while opponents, including a coalition tied to Los Angeles’ Measure ULA, argued it could undermine local revenue tools and housing funding. The committee discussed that the bill was forward-looking and not retroactive, and then moved it forward as amended.

Transcript Highlights:

• We will open up public testimony and call up Larry Gattis, Williamson County Tax Assessor-Collector.
• Larry Gattis, I'm the Williamson County Tax Assessor-Collector, and I do represent the Tax Assessor-Collector's
• with a $10 gift tax.
• factors as the counties apply.
• I am here today representing four of those counties: Stevens County, Palo Pinto County, Cook County,

Bills: SB868 , SB1337 , SB1371 , SB1377 , SB1426 , SB1620 , SB2064 , SB2065 , SJR4 , SJR 4

Committee: Senate Finance

Transcript Highlights:

• County is the sponsor of this bill.
• It would provide an income tax credit of $4,000 per disaster for the portion of sales tax paid on furniture
• need to go in Contra Costa County.
• A tax credit.
• So for all tax credits, tax deductions, anything like that that is reducing from the general fund, it

Committee: Senate Revenue and Taxation

Transcript Highlights:

• Over 9,000 properties were listed for tax sale in St. Louis County between 2015 and 2020.
• Charles County. Oh, yes. I think that you can overpay your taxes.
• Louis and County, but the members of our association rarely sell these on a tax sale. Yeah. Okay.
• It's not a tax deduction. It's a tax credit.
• And we keep adding tax credit upon tax credit, upon tax credit, upon tax credit, tax giveaway.

Committee: House Ways and Means

Summary: The committee first heard Senate Bill 994, which would extend taxpayer protection from penalties and interest when a taxpayer claims a tax credit that has reached its cap and then receives a Department of Revenue notice for underpayment. Senator Henderson said the bill mirrors existing language for the Champion for Children tax credit, would require payment within 60 days to avoid penalties and interest, and includes technical fixes for the beginning farmer tax credit and school-district reporting. The bill drew support from Missouri Soybean, Feeding Missouri, Missouri Farm Bureau, and Missouri Corn Growers, while the State Public Advocate initially objected to tax credits generally but said he would support the bill once he understood it did not create a new credit. No vote was taken. The committee then heard House Bill 1743, which would bar courts from depriving individuals of property for failure to pay property taxes, with the sponsor arguing that tax sales disproportionately harm low-income and elderly homeowners. Members raised concerns about weakening tax collection and the impact on local taxing districts, while the sponsor said liens and wage garnishment would still be available and that the bill was aimed at protecting homeownership. The Missouri County Collector’s Association opposed the bill, saying tax sales are rare, payment plans are common, and redemption periods already provide protection. The bill was left at hearing with no action. House Bill 2461, presented with nearly identical companion language from another member, would extend and expand Missouri’s donated food tax credit through 2032, raise the cap for food pantries, soup kitchens, and homeless shelters, and create a separate bucket for food banks. Sponsors and Feeding Missouri said the credit is expiring, demand for food assistance is high, and food banks need access to the program to leverage corporate donations; they also discussed a possible amendment to preserve eligibility if the individual income tax is eliminated. The State Public Advocate opposed the bill as another tax credit cost, but the Department of Revenue said the bill would streamline administration and had no fiscal impact. The committee also heard House Bill 3405, which would reclassify the SALT parity pass-through entity provision as a deduction rather than a tax credit for reporting purposes; the sponsor and Department of Revenue said this would improve clarity and reduce administrative burden without changing revenue, and business groups supported it. No votes were taken on any of the bills.

Transcript Highlights:

• We know that when you look at county data and their data with their budgets, property tax forms a portion
• We know that when you look at county data and their data with their budgets, property tax forms a portion
• Get a sense of what taxes a county or school district is able to generate based on the value of the
• taxes.
• taxes.

Committee: Senate Finance and Tax

Summary: The Senate Committee on Finance and Tax met to hear a staff presentation on Florida property taxes. Staff Director Azar Khan gave an overview of the property tax system, including constitutional limits, January 1 assessment rules, homestead and non-homestead residential property, commercial and agricultural classifications, tangible personal property, and centrally assessed property. The presentation highlighted major exemptions and assessment caps, such as the homestead exemptions, Save Our Homes, the 10% cap for non-homestead property, and favorable treatment for agricultural/classified use land. It also reviewed long-term growth in just value and taxable value statewide, along with declining millage rates over time as taxable values have risen. Members then discussed the possibility of eliminating property taxes and the fiscal consequences of doing so. Senator Jones asked about the impact on local governments and referenced estimates that replacing property tax revenue could require roughly $43 billion; staff responded that current levied amounts are in the ballpark of more than $30 billion for non-school levies and more than $20 billion for school levies, but that the exact impact would depend on county and district budgets and collections. Senators Bernard, Passidomo, Gates, and others emphasized the need for more data on alternative revenue sources, such as sales tax increases or other combinations, and for input from counties and cities before considering broad tax changes. Chair Avila explained the presentation was intended to give members a foundation before property tax proposals are heard in committee, noting that several bills had already been filed involving homestead and tangible personal property. No bills were voted on, and no formal action was taken beyond the informational presentation. The committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• Of counties.
• of property taxes?
• The property taxes that schools and counties get is one of many avenues of income for those different
• But in some counties, assessors are starting to Instead of ad valorem tax.
• But in some counties, assessors are starting to try to tax those things that are still absolutely a part

Bills: HJR1024 , SB1316 , SB1491 , SB1552 , SB1679 , SB1877 , SB2040 , SB2133 , SB2153 , SB2174 , SB2180 , SB227 , SJR39 , SJR47 , SJR48

Committee: Senate Rules

Summary: The Senate Rules Committee met and first laid over Senate Bill 2133 and skipped several bills because the Pro Tem and Senator Hall were not present. The committee then took up Senate Bill 1552, which would expand an option for very large counties to adopt local charters; an amendment was adopted to raise the population thresholds so the bill would apply only to future growth. After discussion that the measure was optional and not a mandate, the bill passed 12-7. The committee also passed SJR 39, a proposed constitutional amendment to lower the cap on annual increases in property tax assessed value from 3% to 1% for homestead and agricultural property and from 5% to 3% for other property, despite opposition that it would worsen funding pressures and create inequities between long-term owners and new buyers. SJR 47, moving voter ID requirements into the Constitution, and SJR 48, changing how the state handles ad valorem reimbursement for tax-incentive projects, both passed 16-2. The committee next passed Senate Bill 1491, which requires replacement presidential electors to take the same oath as the original slate, and Senate Bill 2174, which changes the membership mix of the State Fire Marshal Commission to include more business-oriented voices; both measures drew little opposition and passed overwhelmingly. Senate Bill 1877 also passed unanimously; it creates a centralized reporting system for 510 reports, with members noting it should have no fiscal impact because an existing state filing system would be used. House Joint Resolution 1024, which revises the Judicial Nominating Commission by removing certain lawyer/non-lawyer and party-balance restrictions and capping service at 12 consecutive years, passed after significant debate over judicial independence and political influence. The committee then approved Senate Bill 2040, which updates the Tulsa Reconciliation Education Scholarship Program by simplifying eligibility rules, changing the income cap to $128,000 and indexing it to inflation, and clarifying that unused funds may still be used for room, board, and books; supporters said it preserves a long-standing scholarship with no fiscal impact. Senate Bill 1316 passed 17-1 and would require agencies to periodically sunset a percentage of administrative rules, though the author said he may lengthen the cycle after reviewing other states’ models. Senate Bill 1679, the Preserving Oklahoma Values Act, passed 16-2 after debate over its references to foreign law and Judeo-Christian Western values; supporters said it protects due process and equal protection, while opponents warned it could marginalize other faith traditions and create legal uncertainty. Finally, the committee passed Senate Bill 227, clarifying which oil and gas facilities are exempt from ad valorem tax and ensuring flow lines, gathering lines, and injection wells are treated consistently; Senate Bill 2153, directing state agencies to use the terms Judea and Samaria instead of West Bank in official documents; and Senate Bill 2180, a transparency measure on foreign lobbying that was amended before passing 17-0. The meeting then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• SB 63 doesn't raise taxes.
• SB 56 extends that same principle to property tax relief.
• It’ll expand KETFRA’s sales and use tax extension program.
• One underscore three points: this is a federal tax credit; this is not a state tax giveaway.
• So imagine what a tax relief would do for our veterans.

Committee: House Revenue and Taxation

Summary: The Assembly Committee on Revenue and Taxation heard several bills dealing with taxes, transit funding, clean energy incentives, veterans’ property tax relief, housing-related remediation fees, and federal tax conformity. Early in the hearing, SB 63 was presented as a Bay Area transit funding measure authorizing a local sales tax ballot measure for BART, Caltrain, Muni, and AC Transit, with supporters emphasizing service cuts that could occur without new funding and an opponent raising Proposition 13/218 concerns. SB 56 and SB 296 both focused on disabled veterans’ property tax relief, with supporters arguing that disability compensation should not count as income for eligibility and that the bills would help veterans remain housed; SB 296 was described as a broader exemption for 100% disabled veterans and surviving spouses. SB 86 sought to extend and expand the California Alternative Energy and Advanced Transportation Financing Authority’s sales and use tax incentive program, including fusion energy, and SB 302 would conform state tax law to federal clean energy credit provisions to help projects monetize federal incentives. SB 328 would cap Department of Toxic Substances Control fees for contaminated-soil remediation on housing projects, with supporters saying current fees can make infill housing infeasible. SB 711 would update California’s tax conformity date to January 1, 2025 to align with federal tax law changes and simplify filing. After quorum was established, the committee took formal action on the bills. SB 63 was approved 4-2 and sent to Appropriations; SB 86, SB 302, SB 328, SB 711, and SB 293, SB 359, SB 419, SB 587, SB 603, SB 663, SB 710, and SB 785 were approved with various amendments and sent to Appropriations, while SB 56, SB 284, SB 723 were held in committee and SB 296 and SB 353 were made two-year bills. The committee also adopted amendments on several measures, including reducing SB 86’s aggregate cap, delaying SB 302’s effective date with a sunset, and narrowing SB 710’s exclusion to certain nonresidential solar systems. The hearing concluded with the chair thanking members and staff and adjourning the committee.

Transcript Highlights:

• So I'd like to provide a little bit of information about provider taxes or health care-related taxes
• the MCO tax specifically.
• So there are a few taxes that support Medi-Cal today: the MCO tax, the hospital quality assurance fee
• So the impact of these new changes on our MCO tax specifically: our MCO tax is not broad-based, uniform
• Instead, counties are asking the state to pay counties what they are owed based on DHS's own existing

Transcript Highlights:

• low tax.
• </c> the Omnibus Tax Bill. the Omnibus Tax Bill.
• taxes.
• taxes.
• </c> Washington County. Washington County.

Committee: House Taxes

Transcript Highlights:

• It is not a sales tax. It is not an tax. It is not a sales tax.
• So what I want to basically say is that the timber tax is a local tax that, especially in Coos County
• But for the whole county, it's important that we do not lose timber tax.
• But for the whole county, it's important that we do not lose timber tax.
• </c> not a new tax and it's not a double tax. not a new tax and it's not a double tax.

Committee: Senate Energy and Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:

• So I'd like to provide a little bit of information about provider taxes, or health care-related taxes
• the MCO tax specifically.
• There are a few taxes that support Medi-Cal today: the MCO tax, the hospital quality assurance fee, or
• So the impact of these new changes on our MCO tax specifically, our MCO tax is not broad-based uniform
• Instead, counties are asking the state to pay counties what they are owed based on DHCS's own existing

Summary: The subcommittee heard a lengthy Department of Health Care Services presentation on the governor’s Medi-Cal budget, including a $229.1 billion total-funds proposal, projected Medi-Cal enrollment declines as redeterminations continue, and several major cost drivers such as managed care growth, Medicare-related costs, pharmacy spending, and changes tied to federal policy. Members focused heavily on the elimination of Prop. 56 dental supplemental payments beginning July 1, 2026, questioning the likely impact on provider participation and utilization. DHCS said it is completing the required rate reduction/access analysis for CMS, has been holding stakeholder meetings and issuing provider bulletins, but could not yet quantify the real-world effect. The committee also discussed a $50 million savings proposal tied to new hospice utilization management authority and asked about possible effects on emergency dental care and provider participation. The hearing then moved through the November 2025 family health estimate and several county and program administration issues, including CCS, GHPP, and Every Woman Counts. DHCS said family health costs are rising despite slight caseload declines because of higher utilization and medical costs, and members raised concerns about CCS website accessibility, county administrative funding, and the transition of youth aging out of CCS. The department said most CCS beneficiaries are also on Medi-Cal, that counties have long raised funding concerns, and that it had clarified use of maintenance-and-operations dollars to address some county workload issues. Members also asked about Every Woman Counts potentially seeing higher demand as Medi-Cal changes take effect; DHCS said that is possible and that the program has multiple funding sources including General Fund. A major portion of the hearing focused on provider taxes and federal changes under H.R. 1, especially the Medi-Cal managed care organization tax and the hospital quality assurance fee. DHCS explained that H.R. 1 restricts new or increased health care-related taxes, phases down allowable tax levels over time, and tightens “generally redistributive” rules, which could sharply reduce the state’s ability to use the MCO tax for Medi-Cal financing. Members asked whether the Legislature could amend Prop. 35 or whether voters would need to act; DHCS said a three-fourths legislative amendment may be possible if it aligns with the measure’s purpose, but the department is still evaluating options. The committee also discussed hospital financing, with DHCS describing recent increases in state-directed payments and the effect of H.R. 1 in capping those payments at Medicare levels, and the LAO noting the tradeoff between preserving provider taxes and maintaining Medi-Cal funding. The subcommittee also reviewed a series of DHCS budget change proposals and trailer bill items, including managed care final-rule implementation, managed care operations, a hospital value strategy, a one-year extension of skilled nursing facility financing, long-term care payment transparency, and interoperability/prior authorization requirements. Members repeatedly questioned the use of limited-term versus permanent positions, the overlap among proposals, and the timing of new financing reforms. DHCS said the SNF extension would preserve current workforce standards, sanctions, growth limits, and the SNF quality assurance fee while the department develops a broader 2027-28 redesign. No votes were taken; items were repeatedly held open for later action. Covered California then presented on the expiration of the federal enhanced premium tax credit and the resulting affordability crisis. The agency said Californians will lose about $2.5 billion in premium assistance for 2026, average premiums could nearly double for many enrollees, and as many as 400,000 people could eventually leave marketplace coverage. Open enrollment ended with 1.9 million sign-ups, down 3% from the prior year, with especially steep declines among middle-income consumers and increased movement into bronze plans. Covered California said the state’s $190 million affordability subsidy is helping lower-income enrollees retain coverage, but cannot fully replace the lost federal assistance. Members also asked about the Health Care Affordability Reserve Fund, repayment of loans from that fund, the status of federal review of California’s essential health benefits benchmark, and implementation of the new gender-affirming care benefit under AB 144.

Transcript Highlights:

• tax program, clarifies that county or municipal authorities requiring communication services.
• Tax Program clarifies that county or municipal authorities requiring communication services utility relocation
• Our Broward County tax collector has called and said that she is fully in support of this bill, and I
• This would apply to tourist development taxes as well as local option sales taxes.
• But the idea that the tourist development tax revenue to Orange County in particular, which is upwards

Committee: Senate Appropriations

Summary: The Appropriations Committee met with a quorum and considered a series of bills, most of them receiving favorable reports. SB 132, as amended, would require the Department of Financial Services to contract for a study on whether Florida should recognize gold and silver as legal tender; an amendment advanced the report deadline to December 1, 2025, and the bill was reported favorably. SB 1050, also amended, expands the intellectual and developmental disabilities managed care pilot program statewide, emphasizes that enrollment is voluntary, adds transparency and reporting requirements for APD, creates a statewide family care council, and requires related studies and coordination; it was reported favorably after supportive testimony about reducing the APD wait list. SB 820 codifies the Office of Faith and Community in the Governor’s office, and the bill drew extended debate over church-state separation and concerns about political activity by the office; despite opposition from several senators, it was reported favorably. SB 1060 creates a joint legislative oversight committee for Medicaid financing and operations, with supporters citing the size of the program and the need for stronger legislative review; it passed favorably. SB 7032 presumes Medicaid eligibility for permanently disabled individuals receiving certain long-term services during redetermination, to prevent gaps in care, and was reported favorably with broad support. SB 12, a claim bill for a minor injured in a DCF-related case, was also reported favorably without opposition. The committee also approved several infrastructure and tax-related measures. SJR 318 proposes an ad valorem exemption for certain tangible personal property used in agriculture or agritourism, such as equipment and tractors, and was reported favorably with support from agricultural and business groups. SB 818, as amended, revises utility relocation funding for public road and rail projects, shifting the financing structure after constitutional concerns were raised and adding a $50 million grant program; it passed after discussion of the impact on local governments and utilities. SB 1348 modernizes DMV services through tax collectors, adds a distracted driving course option, bans appointment scalping, and extends certain disabled parking permit terms; it was reported favorably. SB 1664 requires voter reapproval of local taxes, including tourist development taxes and local option sales taxes, when they expire, with special rules for taxes tied to revenue bonds; it drew significant debate over impacts on tourism-dependent counties and was reported favorably despite opposition from some members and local government groups. SB 1050, SB 820, SB 1060, SB 7032, SB 12, SJR 318, SB 818, SB 1348, and SB 1664 all received favorable committee votes, and the meeting ended with final missed-vote requests and adjournment.

Transcript Highlights:

• Counties will get new revenue.
• The solar energy is ready to pay the taxes that will start in 2027, and counties will be receiving new
• It brings property tax consistency to all 58 counties, and it gives developers the certainty they need
• a tax break, a continued tax break in California for large-scale solar.
• Tax Board.

Committee: House Revenue and Taxation

Transcript Highlights:

• Of course, the 10-cent gas tax reduction will impact cities and counties.
• and Campbell County Kitten County and Campbell County because<01:03:28.880><c> I've</c><01:03:29.119
• </c> be used on county roads. be used on county roads.
• , Martin County, or Whitley County and Fayette County, you've likely seen these units on the side of
• or Whitley County and Faget County or Whitley County and Faget County,<01:32:49.360><c> you've</c><01

Committee: Joint Transportation

Transcript Highlights:

• , corporate income taxes, and other taxes to be determined.
• The ultimate goal is to get rid of that evil T-word: taxes, all taxes.
• And property tax, I'm going to bring it up again, is probably one of the worst taxes we have.
• Charles County.
• Charles County, a county greater than 400,000 or less than 500,000.

Transcript Highlights:

• Your first and second class counties are your large counties.
• Third-class counties are most of your smaller counties, and they have fourth-class counties.
• county.
• of Pettis County.
• They have a tremendous amount of abated and tax-exempt properties in their county.

Committees: House Local Government , House Local Government, Elections and Pensions

Transcript Highlights:

• It's actually 73 counties.
• Bridge</c> that but County Roads and County Bridge that but County Roads and County Bridge damages<00
• </c><00:46:25.400><c> different</c> works County to County and in different works County to County and
• Recently there was a nickel tax, I think it was in Marion County, that was implemented and that went
• I'm Tim Slauer, superintendent of Simpson County Schools. wanting to raise taxes I Ur the Pates of wanting

Summary: The concurrent House-Senate meeting opened with a roll call and then received a briefing from Kentucky Emergency Management and the Transportation Cabinet on the February storms and flooding. Officials described the event as ongoing and statewide in scope, beginning in western counties and then heavily affecting Eastern Kentucky, including major impacts in Perry, Letcher, Clay, Bell, Martin, Pike, and other counties. They reported widespread power and water outages, nearly 600 people initially sheltered, more than 1,500 water rescues, over 250 National Guard members activated, and substantial mutual aid from other states and FEMA. They also said 73 counties had declared emergencies, 23 fatalities had been confirmed at that point, and individual assistance had already distributed $5.5 million to residents after the federal declaration was signed. The administration emphasized that recovery needs were still being assessed but were already significant. Kentucky Emergency Management said public assistance estimates were about $58 million and rising, with about 2,005 homes and 272 businesses inspected so far. Debris removal was identified as a major issue, and officials said they had requested Category A federal assistance for debris in four counties while continuing to seek more as assessments continued. They also noted that disaster recovery centers were opening and that teams were going door to door in affected areas. On transportation, KYTC reported 39 counties affected, a peak of 355 road closures reduced to 49, 18 damaged bridges, 94 bridges with debris on them, and 579 roadway damages, while continuing to clear roads and move supplies such as water, food, blankets, and heaters. Secretary Hicks then asked lawmakers to consider additional funding mechanisms. He said the current $50 million emergency cap in the budget was likely to be exhausted, with $21.5 million already allocated, and proposed either lifting the cap or creating a new “safe fund” for this disaster, similar to prior funds used after the western Kentucky tornadoes and the 2022 eastern Kentucky floods. He said the state could redirect about $25 million from an unused western Kentucky economic development allocation and about $20 million from an eastern Kentucky transportation allocation, for a total of $45 million, to help with this response. Members and officials also discussed debris disposal, with the Pike County landfill expansion identified as a possible site to receive some of the debris and reduce costs. Representative Fugate thanked the agencies for their response and described severe local impacts, including water outages, road slides, damaged water treatment plants, and heavy debris in homes and driveways.