Transcript Highlights:

• Applicants must provide a list of locations at the time of application and include the appropriate fee
• Current language also sets a maximum fee and commission, and this language has been completely deleted
• The Tax Commissioner is authorized to retain an administrative fee of 1% of the gross collections for
• The administrative fee would then generate at least $300,000, which would entirely offset any cost to
• Whereas now the municipal fees for such things as fire and police are contemplated as such properties

Keywords: 994, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• like data archive fees, online access fees, retrieval fees, and certification fees that they’re tacking
• archive fee of $2.”
• 11.920> access like data archive fees, online access like data archive fees, online access fees
• certification fees, retrieval fees, and certification fees, retrieval fees, and certification fees
• fees that they're tacking on to the $50. fees that they're tacking on to the $50.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• isn't because the fees have gone up. isn't because the fees have gone up.
• You set the fees. We don't.
• You set the fees. We don't.
• You set the fees. We don't.
• We get the whole the we set the fees. We get the whole the we set the fees.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• or they're not gonna cut their consultant fees.
• fees and other fees before they would ever think about cutting teachers.
• Colangelo: Well, that would be an application fee.
• I don't think we're talking about two different fees there.
• Colangelo: I have not looked at application fees. I can do it.

Bills: HB 3

Keywords: emergency communication, public safety, interoperability, Texas Interoperability Council, grant program, emergency communications, public safety radio, first responders, radio system, dispatch, 911, emergency management, Texas Division of Emergency Management, public safety infrastructure, Project 25, P25, broadband emergency alerting, outdoor warning sirens, homeland security, disaster response

Transcript Highlights:

• other really adverse outcomes, who often do not have a huge support system, they have to utilize this fee
• The Texas tuition fee waiver offers a life-changing opportunity for former foster youth.
• Although I was fortunate enough to utilize the tuition and fee waiver right after high school, so many
• However, we do have a concern with the However, we do have a concern with the structure of House Bill
• such as discipline policies, administrative requirements, federal compliance mandates, and funding structures

Bills: HB4, HB20

Keywords: district composition, congressional election, Texas, legislature, voting districts, fraudulent solicitation, disaster relief, nonprofit organizations, criminal penalties, consumer protection, fraud prevention, charitable donations

Summary: The Senate Committee on Education K-16 heard a series of higher education and K-12 bills, initially without a quorum and with several measures left pending subject to the call of the chair. Early bills included HB 1868, which would direct a study on lowering the dual-credit funding threshold for public junior colleges from 15 to 9 semester credit hours; HB 2598, which would replace statutory references to “licensed specialist in school psychology” with “school psychologist”; HB 3629, which would bar registered sex offenders from serving on independent school district boards of trustees; and HB 4361, which would require the Higher Education Coordinating Board to adopt rules for timely emergency notifications at public institutions of higher education. Each received brief sponsor explanations, no opposition testimony, and was left pending. The committee also heard HB 4848, requiring public higher education systems to ensure at least one institution offers affordable competency-based bachelor’s degree programs in high-demand fields, and HB 1211, which would remove the age 25 deadline for former foster youth to use public college tuition waivers. HB 1211 drew extensive supportive testimony from Texas CASA, a former foster youth who benefited from the waiver, and a current student headed to medical school, all arguing the change would better match the realities faced by youth aging out of care. Members discussed the bill’s fiscal uncertainty and the argument that the waiver is an investment in workforce participation; the bill was left pending. Later, the committee heard HB 20, creating an Applied Sciences Pathway Program to let high school students earn certificates in targeted industries such as welding, plumbing, electrical work, manufacturing, and oil and gas while in school. Industry and workforce groups strongly supported the bill as a way to address labor shortages, while Texas 2036 raised concerns about allowing applied versions of core academic courses to substitute for traditional instruction. HB 4687, which would extend governmental immunity protections to certain campus/district charter schools and adult charter high schools, also received support from a charter-school attorney who said it would align statutes with existing case law and not expand charter rights. HB 4236, as substituted, would create a study group to examine the property value study’s effect on school finance and alternative valuation methods; it was adopted as a committee substitute and left pending. The committee also heard HB 824 on civics instruction in high school government courses and HB 2243, which would create a commission on teacher job satisfaction and retention; the latter prompted debate over removing “ethnic diversity” language from the commission’s makeup. After adopting the substitute for HB 2243 by roll call, the committee recessed subject to the call of the chair.

Transcript Highlights:

• Department of Fish and Wildlife are minor and absorbable, while a reduction in renewal or transfer fee
• While a reduction in renewal or transfer fee revenue is expected over time, it is offset by reduced workload
• There is no such thing as a contract for the NEM rate structure.
• The NEM rate structure was created by the CPUC.
• Also, the authority in the bill to charge a fee to qualified applicants is unclear, as the board does

Summary: The Assembly Appropriations Committee met on May 21, 2025, with 86 bills on the agenda. The committee first approved two consent motions covering a group of bills eligible for the Assembly floor consent calendar and another group of unanimous bills not eligible for floor consent. Several bills were then heard individually, with authors and supporters emphasizing that many had no or minimal state costs and were aimed at climate, health, or regulatory improvements. Among the bills discussed were AB 39 on local planning for electrification and EV charging infrastructure; AB 1129 allowing local health jurisdictions to opt into reporting birth defects and early-life health conditions; AB 1332 to allow narrow direct shipment of medicinal cannabis to seriously ill patients; AB 1056 phasing out transfer of certain gillnet permits except for a one-time family transfer; AB 408 creating a new Medical Board health and wellness program for physicians; AB 546 requiring health plans to cover portable HEPA air purifiers for vulnerable people during wildfire emergencies; AB 942 revising rooftop solar subsidy rules to reduce costs for non-solar ratepayers; and AB 967 expediting licensure for out-of-state physicians. Supporters generally framed these bills as improving access, equity, public health, or affordability, while opponents on AB 942 and AB 967 raised concerns about implementation, workload, contract issues, and impacts on existing programs. The committee took action on each bill after testimony and questions. AB 39, AB 1129, AB 1332, AB 1056, AB 408, AB 546, AB 942, and AB 967 were all moved out of committee on roll call votes, with some members voting no or not voting on certain measures. The suspense calendar was then read and deemed approved, and the committee opened general public comment, where speakers voiced support for bills including AB 715, AB 1138, AB 782, AB 98, AB 53, AB 258, AB 330, AB 650, AB 649, AB 1048, and AB 425. The meeting adjourned after public comment.

Transcript Highlights:

• Do they just absorb that fee or that amount? Representative Snyder, you are recognized.
• This urges Congress to increase the force structure.
• Regarding the force structure portion, if the force structure, is it because... ...from my experience
• long because of how the force structure is?
• long because of how the force structure?

Summary: The Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee heard and passed two measures before receiving a staff presentation on the local bill process and local delegation meetings. HB 4007, by Rep. Snyder, would cap reimbursement for certain inmate emergency medical services in Martin County at 110% of the Medicare rate, with a higher cap if a provider shows it is operating at a loss. Snyder said the bill is intended to create predictability and save taxpayer dollars; members asked about fiscal effects and whether other counties could adopt similar language. Public testimony came in support from Martin County and related local officials, and the bill was reported favorably by a 17-0 vote. The committee also passed HM 4005, by Rep. Daly, which urges Congress to increase Florida National Guard force structure. Daly argued Florida’s troop allocation is outdated and inadequate for the state’s population and disaster demands, contributing to burnout and recruiting problems. Members asked about the basis for the current allocation, possible budget and infrastructure impacts, and the National Guard’s needs; there was no opposition or public testimony, and the memorial was reported favorably by a 17-0 vote. After the votes, Reps. Holcomb and Kendall gave a detailed presentation explaining how local bills differ from general laws, constitutional limits on local legislation, required local delegation meetings and notice, certification and economic impact forms, and amendment procedures. Members asked several process questions, including about multi-county delegations and Miami-Dade’s special status. The meeting ended with a few recognitions and adjournment before session.

Transcript Highlights:

• for service be something that a fee for service be something that would<02:07:59.679> be<02:07
• that uh we can pay for there's a fee that uh we can pay for city<02:49:38.240> of<02:49:38.560
• Thank you. >> Is there any fees with this? >> No. >> Just asking.
• When sponsors and reinsurers see accurate costs, standardized data, they can structure benefits in a
• benefits in a way that can structure benefits in a way that reward<04:30:31.359> quality<04:30

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Uh, the memo is structured to cover three main areas in every survey state.
• to cover three Uh the memo is structured to cover three main<00:05:25.759> areas<00:05:26.160
• Number two is the economic entities organizational structure.
• <00:08:20.160> of<00:08:20.479> their success to the structure of their success to
• uh, more, uh, uh, you know, structured uh, more, uh, uh, you know, structured and<01:42:12.480><

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• In your packet, you'll find the current fees and proposed fees for your conversation.
• The current fees and proposed fees for your conversation.
• one fee and then each additional fee one fee and then each additional fee based<04:19:11.600>
• There are additional fees that get charged, like your mil foil fee.
• <04:30:19.680> violation traffic fees violation traffic fees violation fees<04:30:21.880><

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Summary: The committee first took up HB 713, which would require mile markers on Route 112, the Kancamagus Highway. The sponsor and DOT testimony described the road as a heavily traveled but isolated corridor with little or no cell or radio service, frequent accidents and breakdowns, and serious public-safety problems when emergency responders cannot quickly locate incidents. Members discussed where markers should be placed, how frequently they should appear, whether both sides of the road should be marked, and the potential cost; DOT said the project could be done with federal funds and might be combined with other work to reduce mobilization costs. The committee agreed the bill was straightforward and voted OTP 18-0, with discussion that a friendly amendment might be offered later to refine the language. The committee then heard HB 563, concerning calculation of adequate education grants. Testimony explained that the bill would add fiscal capacity disparity aid in FY 27 and increase the special education differentiated aid factor, while also reducing extraordinary needs grants so the overall fiscal impact would be net neutral. Members noted the changes were limited to the second year because of the budget process and school district ballot timing. Supporters argued the fiscal capacity aid would help property-poor towns and should be expanded, while others emphasized the bill’s budget-neutral structure. The committee voted to retain HB 563 for further consideration in the budget process. Finally, the committee opened HB 675, which would limit the authority of school districts to make certain appropriations. A Derry resident and former local official testified in favor, arguing that property taxes are too high, that school spending has outpaced town-side tax caps, and that local voters should have more control over school budgets. Committee members questioned whether the issue should instead be handled locally through existing processes or broader governance changes, and one member noted the state’s constitutional obligation to provide an adequate education. The discussion continued, but no final action on HB 675 was taken in the portion provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• What's missing is a structured pathway from criminal courts into the civil treatment system where courts
• > pathway<00:25:52.520> from missing is a structured pathway from missing is a structured
• This legislation creates<00:27:54.480> several<00:27:55.320> structured creates several
• structured creates several structured constitutional<00:27:57.320> pathways<00:27:58.360>
• to cover the and assesses licensing fees to cover the cost<01:11:47.680> of<01:11:47.760>

Keywords: 981, all

Summary: The House first took a call of the House, locked the doors, and then raised the call after members were counted. The chamber then considered Senate Bill 149, concerning pathways for individuals with mental health disorders and an appropriation, along with House Bill 1307 being set as a special order. A recorded vote adopted the motion to make SB 149 and HB 1307 special orders, 50 ayes, 5 noes, and 10 excused. The House adopted the Appropriations and Judiciary committee reports on SB 149. Appropriations explained that its amendment corrected earlier deficiencies and left the fiscal note at roughly $30 million. Judiciary described an amendment resolving overlap with HB 1343 by moving a cash fund and electronic reporting provisions into SB 149. Members then debated the bill’s fiscal note and capacity estimates, with one member questioning whether the projected beds and costs would meet the need; sponsors responded that the bill is based on fiscal analysis, that capacity will be built over time through hardened facilities, new beds, and contracted beds, and that the issue should be monitored in future budgets. On the floor, the bill’s sponsors and supporters described SB 149 as a major reform to create a constitutional pathway for civil commitment and treatment of defendants found incompetent to stand trial and unlikely to be restored, especially in serious violent or sexual offense cases. They emphasized due process protections, counsel, hearings, judicial oversight, least restrictive placement, and treatment rather than punishment, while citing public safety concerns and victim cases. The House then adopted a series of mostly technical and conforming amendments, including changes to definitions, agency references, reporting and placement language, HIPAA-related disclosure language, and terminology such as replacing treatment references with restoration services. After the amendments, one member raised concerns about stakeholder positions, noting many groups were listed as “amend” rather than “support,” and the sponsor replied that the bill had broad stakeholder involvement and that amend positions reflected the complexity of the measure rather than opposition.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chair and members, Senate Bill 1053 instructs DPS to change their fee structure for CCW permitting so
• or the ability to adjust the fee for out of state so that the 10% will wash out?
• Does DPS have the ability or the mechanism to raise the out-of-state fee so that we can stay revenue
• Do they have the ability to raise the out-of-state fee?
• And I just had the one question: is that the DPS can charge a separate fee? Is there a cap on that?

Bills: SB1049, SB1053, SB1058, SB1093, SB1160, SB1211

Keywords: spousal maintenance, court guidelines, self-sufficiency, financial support, marriage dissolution, concealed carry, gun permits, firearms training, public safety, criminal history checks, local recognition, firearms, merchant codes, financial privacy, Second Amendment, data protection, riot, planning, racketeering, criminal conspiracy

Transcript Highlights:

• And then, behind the scenes, we'll pro rata share the registration fees and the fuel tax that we collect
• The way that the Job Growth Grant Fund is structured, you know, by statute, we can only invest in those
• So, over the last couple of years after HB 5, we sort of formed this structure at Florida Commerce with
• Partners pay us a membership fee to then access our marketing programs and other benefits that we offer
• So, just to summarize the structure of the organization for you: today I’m here to share the important

Summary: The committee met to receive a base budget overview for agencies under its jurisdiction, which include the Division of Emergency Management, Department of Commerce, Department of State, Department of Transportation, Department of Military Affairs, and Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. Staff explained the budget format and noted that the Legislature appropriated more than $20.2 billion to these agencies in the current fiscal year, a 66.7% increase over 10 years. The Department of Transportation then presented on the Moving Florida Forward initiative, describing it as a $7 billion effort to advance 20 major congestion-relief projects statewide. Secretary Jared Perdue said the department is ahead of schedule, with 14 of 20 projects expected to be underway by the end of the calendar year. He highlighted major projects including I-4 in Polk and Osceola counties, I-75 improvements, Southwest 10th Street in Broward County, Fruitville Road, Capital Circle in Tallahassee, and I-275, and discussed innovations such as aggregate supply grants, modified phase design-build, workforce hiring events, and voluntary acceleration. Senators asked about business impacts from construction, tourism-related transit funding, aggregate sourcing, and labor shortages; the secretary said FDOT works with local businesses and that additional revenue sources for transit would require legislative action. The Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles reviewed motorist services, revenue collection, licensing, vehicle titling, specialty plates, insurance compliance, driver safety, and commercial driver licensing. Officials said the department collected about $2.9 billion in revenue in fiscal year 2023-24 and described modernization efforts, including electronic verification systems, Real ID compliance, mobile licensing units, and a planned digital driver license. Members asked about the driver license backlog in Miami-Dade and Broward, and the department said service delays were driven by growth and staffing constraints but should improve with $7.5 million in recent funding and the eventual transition of services to county tax collectors. Questions also addressed temporary paper licenses and birth certificate fraud prevention. The Department of Commerce presented on the Job Growth Grant Fund and Visit Florida. Commerce said the grant fund, created in 2017, has awarded $257 million to 70 projects in 37 counties since 2019, with demand exceeding supply about four to one. Officials emphasized that the program supports targeted industries and workforce and infrastructure projects, and they highlighted examples in CDL training, semiconductors, advanced manufacturing, and health care. Senators raised concerns about small businesses affected by transportation construction, and Commerce said it has an Office of Small Business Innovation and other tools, though the grant fund is limited by statute to targeted industries. Visit Florida then described its public-private tourism marketing role, saying the state’s $80 million appropriation is matched by private investment and that the latest EDR review found a $3.30 return in tax revenue for every state dollar spent. Visit Florida reported record visitation and tourism spending, along with hurricane recovery marketing and rural promotion efforts.

Transcript Highlights:

• The reality of these climate fees could ultimately cost taxpayers billions of dollars.
• When a builder builds that construction, they pay a builder fee.
• I know sometimes there's impact fees. Yeah, there are. It can be.
• , impact fees to establish parks.
• When we pay a Parkland fee, we have the choice of paying the fee to the city. or simply building a park

Bills: HB158, HB714, HB 1198, HB1630, HB1998, HB3509, HB3788, HB3875, HB3948, HB3977, HB4097, HB4313, HB4314, HB4317, HB158

Keywords: housing, veterans, surplus government property, affordable housing, funding sources, housing assistance, homeless prevention, landlord incentives, rural housing, domestic violence, community development, tenant readiness, program participants, financial assistance, homelessness, rental support, Texas Tenant Readiness Program, tenant assistance, housing stability, Texas Department of Housing

Transcript Highlights:

• So it is without surprise that particularly high structures can cause harm to migratory birds.
• As with any large structure, yes.
• It doesn’t have to be a tall structure.
• Stationary structures, for instance, we know communication towers will kill birds.
• If projects or structures that have movement are a higher risk than projects or structures that don't

Bills: HB3129, HB3251, HB3556, HB3724, HB3887

Keywords: construction, wildlife impact, height restrictions, national wildlife refuge, environmental regulations, HB 3887, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Parks and Wildlife Code, performance bond, payment bond, contractor bonding, public works, construction contracts, public building, procurement, bid security, subcontractors, suppliers, contractor payment protection, project completion

Transcript Highlights:

• ,<00:09:25.080> fines, transaction, including fees, fines, transaction, including fees, fines
• They have specific membership fees.
• They have specific membership fees.
• in the fee bill.
• into the into the fee bill like that. that. that.

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• , if you will, an expiration fee.
• a $500 late fee a $500 late fee for<02:26:32.840> that<02:26:33.120> license.
• , if you will, an expiration uh late fee, if you will, an expiration fee.<02:27:09.720> It's<02
• It's no different if your fee.
• > have a $500 fee have a $500 fee to<02:27:18.320> let<02:27:18.520> your to let your to

Keywords: 919, house, all

Summary: The House convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and a performance of the national anthem, then established a quorum and approved the previous day’s journal. Members handled routine business including second readings of several Senate files, first readings of House files 5067 through 5073, and messages from the Senate transmitting bills and requesting concurrence on House File 3437 and House File 1410. The House concurred in Senate amendments to HF 3437, a commerce bill with a technical cross-reference correction, and passed it 133-0. It also concurred in Senate amendments to HF 1410, a public safety bill on correctional officer procedures, and passed it 132-2 after members described the changes as clarifying and balanced for labor and management. The chamber then took up House File 3404, which increases penalties for impersonating a peace officer. The bill would raise the base offense from a gross misdemeanor to a felony, create aggravated offenses for impersonation involving unauthorized access, misleading orders, law-enforcement-style vehicles, or possession of a firearm, and add a duty for officers to identify themselves while protecting undercover work. Supporters, including the author and several members, tied the bill to the June 14, 2025 killings and said it was needed to restore public trust and protect both the public and legitimate law enforcement. The House passed HF 3404 134-0 after a moment of silence. The House also passed House File 3155, which closes a loophole in gift card fraud law by allowing prosecution based on the value stored on the card rather than just the plastic card itself. Supporters described organized retail crime schemes in which stolen gift cards are drained after activation and said the bill would help retailers, consumers, and law enforcement. The bill passed 134-0. Senate File 3958, which changes the deadline for a disaster assistance contingency account report from January 15 to January 31, also passed 134-0. Finally, the House considered House File 3875, the judiciary policy bill. An author’s amendment removed a section that had been unintentionally left in the bill, and members then discussed provisions allowing courts more flexibility in publishing notices, streamlining some notification requirements in dissolution cases, and making restitution orders permanent unless rescinded by court order. The transcript cuts off during discussion of the bill, before any final vote is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• This will provide those jurisdictions time to conduct a fee study and implement potential changes.
• Together, these programs create structured pathways... ...industry as leaders in their field.
• This funding structure does not include any new taxes or fees and contains safeguards and transparency
• Assembly Bill 2428 by Assembly Member Celeste Rodriguez, an act relating to fees.
• Assembly Bill 2428 by Assembly Member Celeste Rodriguez, an act relating to fees.

Summary: The Assembly convened, established a quorum, and proceeded through a large House of Origin floor file, with the Speaker repeatedly urging members to be at their desks and keep support bills brief. Early actions included dispensing with the journal, re-referring AB 2285 to the Banking and Finance Committee, and then taking up dozens of third-reading items, with many bills passed by voice or recorded vote and others passed temporarily or retained on file. The floor debated and passed a wide range of measures on land use, housing, labor, public safety, health care, utilities, taxation, and consumer protection. Among the bills approved were measures on land surveyor review (AB 1933), nurse midwife access for pregnant and postpartum patients (AB 1696), historic-district transit zoning flexibility (AB 2415), EV charging infrastructure fees and timelines (AB 1820), foreclosure bidding protections (AB 1957), tribal cannabis commerce (AB 2506), outdoor advertising permitting (AB 2024), commercial building permit timelines and third-party plan checkers (AB 2418), DUI penalties (AB 1685 and AB 1687), utility rate transparency (AB 1715), CalWORKs work-penalty changes (AB 1755), dynamic electricity rates (AB 1787), interior designer licensure (AB 1796), compost labeling and contamination rules (AB 1812), modular housing standardization (AB 1815), small claims limits for businesses (AB 1827), Native American Day as a paid state holiday (AB 1841), hospital staffing and maternity access bills (AB 1868 and AB 1882), protective orders tied to release dates (AB 1889), and a series of public health, missing persons, and teacher credentialing measures later in the file. Several high-profile bills drew extended debate. AB 2624, expanding Safe at Home privacy protections to immigrant service providers, prompted sharp disagreement over free speech and alleged limits on online posting, but supporters said it protected workers facing threats and doxing; it ultimately passed 49-19. AB 2023, creating a framework for regulating AI chatbots used by children, was framed as a child-safety measure after testimony about chatbot-related harms and suicide risks, and passed 58-8. Other notable votes included AB 2208 on Medi-Cal protections against federal cuts, AB 2299 on CalFresh/SNAP losses, AB 2115 apologizing to California Native peoples for historic state harms, and AB 2311 on public hospital physician employment; the transcript ends as the Assembly continues working through the remaining file.

Transcript Highlights:

• preserve to preserve these structures preserve to preserve these structures across<00:29:48.600>
• amendment the structure of the proposed amendment is<00:32:32.080> not<00:32:32.480> a
• or fee formula to compensate the state, conditions, and boundaries.
• included in the lease, such as term, fee included in the lease, such as term, fee or<00:37:41.960
• 37:43.360> the<00:37:43.440> state, or fee formula to compensate the state, or fee formula

Keywords: 927, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• is offering in his bill is a proposal to have the loser pay the expenses of the winning litigant. fees
• Senator Senator Blackwell's bill fees.
• <00:38:49.359> in<00:38:49.680> in them to pay your attorney fees in in them to pay
• substantly similar to chemical structure substantly similar to the<00:48:18.960> chemical<00:
• 48:19.280> structure<00:48:19.520> of<00:48:19.680> nicotine the chemical structure

Keywords: Public Health and Welfare - Room 216, 3 February, 2026; 3:00 PM, 925, all

Summary: The committee met with a quorum and first took up several bills described as vehicles to keep options open for pending rural health issues, especially the rural health transformation fund and the Greenwood Hospital situation. The chair explained that Greenwood Hospital is struggling financially and operationally, including a Medicaid overpayment dispute in which Medicaid planned to recoup $2 million from a December payment, threatening payroll and continued operation. The committee discussed a proposed committee substitute that would delay recoupment until May 1 and preserve legislative flexibility to help Greenwood if a workable plan emerges. The committee adopted motions for title sufficiency and due pass on the block of bills, including the committee substitute and reverse repealer provisions. The committee then turned to two certificate-of-need bills. One bill, 2474, was presented as a rural hospitals measure that would let certain rural hospitals obtain certificates of need for services such as outpatient dialysis units, ambulatory surgical facilities, and geriatric psychiatric units, with definitions aimed largely at Delta and other rural counties. The chair also included a provision making the state health officer’s licensing decision final and not subject to judicial review, with only a short reconsideration process available. Senator Hill objected, arguing the bill concentrated too much power in the health department, eliminated meaningful court review, and unfairly picked winners and losers instead of letting the market work. The chair responded that the goal was to reduce costly, repetitive litigation and preserve access to care in areas where hospitals struggle financially. The committee then considered Senator Blackwell’s broader CO bill, which would address appeals and litigation more generally by shifting costs to the losing party in CO disputes. A reverse repealer was adopted first, and the chair explained that the bill was intended to reduce endless and expensive appeals while still allowing a limited opportunity for reconsideration. Senators Hill and others raised concerns about limiting judicial review and expanding health department power, while the chair said many states have no judicial review in this area and that the committee was exploring the issue further. The chair said he had asked several members to study the matter and contact the National Council of State Legislatures. The committee ultimately adopted the motions on the bills and amendments by voice vote, with the ayes prevailing each time.