Video & Transcript Research : 'Boot Capital'

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TX

Texas 89th Regular

Senate Session Feb 19th, 2025

Texas Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Welcome, everyone, to your capital. Well, honored to have you here with us today.
  • Many notable citizens of Lubbock are visiting the capital today. to pay their tribute to their city's
  • Brown County constituents to their Texas capital. Thank you. Thank you.
  • Thank you for being here, visiting your capital.
  • , their capital.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Minnesota House honors former Rep. Mary Murphy 4/21/25

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Whereas following the completion of the major capital restoration project, Representative Murphy was
  • had no context for what capital had no context for what capital investment<00:16:52.240> meant
  • She was the of the state capital.
  • <01:10:03.280> investment you have served on capital investment you have served on capital
  • few years as chair of the capital few years as chair of the capital investment<01:12:12.159>
Keywords: 1183, house
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

House Education Funding (09/09/2025)

Transcript Highlights:
  • The answer was yes: on the capital side, it is a capital request and that is in law as well.
  • On the capital side, it is a capital request, and that is in law as well.
  • costs capital costs have been capital costs capital costs have<00:25:38.960> been<00:25:39.200
  • <00:26:19.919> program of having a funding uh capital program of having a funding uh capital
  • program to reduce that capital up front. program to reduce that capital up front.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
Summary: The subcommittee opened its first meeting on retained education funding bills, focusing on HB 366, which concerns school building aid for eligible projects, and HB 295, which would make school building aid program funds non-lapsing. The chair framed the discussion broadly around whether school building aid should remain a state program, how to address limited revenues, and whether the current system should continue to prioritize debt service and the existing formula or move toward a different model such as per-pupil allocations, a dedicated fund, or a split between new construction and renovation. He also raised questions about whether leasing should be included and how to manage any new fund under current law and the school building authority structure. Representatives and department staff discussed the current backlog of applications, the age and condition of school facilities, and the possibility that large projects can consume available funding for a year while other districts go unsupported. Tim Carney of the Bureau of School Facilities introduced himself and provided technical context on the program and current debt levels. Representative Luneau argued that under the ConVal decision, the state’s responsibility includes school buildings, construction, and renovation, and that the program also serves an equity function by helping districts with less property wealth. He noted that construction and renovation have long been recognized categories and asked about leasing, which staff said is already supported in statute for charter schools and possibly CTE, with a cap of 30% of annual lease cost or $50,000. The discussion also covered CTE facilities: staff explained that capital funding for CTE centers is state-funded, that federal Carl Perkins funds cannot be used for construction, and that the current rotational capital model means only a few centers are funded each year, which may not match changing program needs. A committee studying CTE capital needs was referenced, along with concerns that the report from that work had not yet been received. Representative Papich urged the subcommittee to focus on policy, principles, and structure rather than just numbers, saying the current system produces a few winners and many districts that never receive aid. He favored a simpler, more equitable per-capita or formula-based approach, while acknowledging the need for a transition plan for projects already in the pipeline. The chair later cautioned against mixing maintenance and operations with construction and renovation, noting that operation and maintenance are already part of the adequacy formula and should not be confused with capital funding. No votes were taken during the meeting; the discussion was exploratory, with members and staff laying out competing approaches and identifying issues for further work.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House DFL Press Conference 1/21/26

Transcript Highlights:
  • I represent District 65B of our capital city of St. Paul and the suburb of West St. Paul.
  • This is what's happening in our capital city. This is what's happening throughout our state.
  • <00:20:13.200> This<00:20:13.360> is happening in our capital city.
  • This is happening in our capital city.
  • We have fellow electeds here from our capital city, from our council members.
Keywords: 919, house, all
Summary: State Rep. Samakab Hussein and other Minnesota lawmakers held a press event focused on allegations of ICE misconduct in St. Paul and surrounding communities, using the case of Nasra Ahmed, a 23-year-old U.S. citizen, as the central example. Hussein and others said Ahmed was detained for two days, denied clear explanation and legal representation, and suffered trauma and injuries; Ahmed described being taken from a predominantly Somali neighborhood, called a racial slur, and physically restrained, while her father said the experience was unacceptable for any citizen or resident. Several lawmakers, including Reps. María Isa Pérez-Vega, Mahmud Nur, Dave Pinto, and St. Paul City Council Member Anika Buouie, said they were drafting or supporting legislation and local responses to provide behavioral health, mental health, and emergency assistance for affected families and businesses. They also said they were hearing from teachers, faith leaders, and community members about fear, disrupted work and school attendance, and broader economic harm, and that St. Paul’s city council would pursue a letter to Gov. Walz seeking an eviction moratorium. The speakers alleged that ICE actions were unlawful, racially targeted, and in some cases in violation of a recent federal court order limiting certain tactics. They urged people to document incidents, call 911, and use an attorney general portal to report constitutional-rights violations so data could be collected. No formal vote was taken at the event, but the lawmakers said they were working with county and state officials and referenced ongoing lawsuits and possible future court orders.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Commerce and Tourism Feb 4th, 2025

Commerce and Tourism

Transcript Highlights:
  • Expensive capital investment, confidence is absolutely necessary.
  • Access to capital is always the key. Part of that is just promoting the programs that we have.
  • We even have a public-private venture capital program.
  • Access to capital for those companies is key. Any further questions?
  • The wealth growth down here, the capital that's moving into the state, points to that.
Summary: The Commerce and Tourism Committee met to hear an overview of its jurisdiction and then focused primarily on Florida manufacturing. Secretary of Commerce Alex Kelly described manufacturing as central to a more resilient, diversified economy, citing the 2023 Florida Manufacturing Report and noting strong growth in manufacturing businesses, jobs, exports, and workforce programs. He emphasized that most Florida manufacturers are small businesses, that the sector is increasingly STEM- and technology-driven, and that the state’s main challenge is workforce aging and the need to retain trained talent. Members also discussed how to better expose students and parents to manufacturing careers, improve startup access to capital, and strengthen regional manufacturing corridors and transportation links. Kevin Carr of FloridaMakes said Florida is on track to become a top-five manufacturing state, but warned that productivity, technology adoption, and workforce shortages remain key issues. He said a proposed manufacturing bill would create a chief manufacturing officer and help address workforce, technology, and market-visibility challenges. Bain Beecher of PGT Innovations described the company’s growth and community role, but highlighted obstacles such as affordable housing, insurance costs, permitting delays, supply-chain disruptions, and limited awareness of manufacturing careers among students and parents. Andrew Kosowski of Veterans Metal focused on small- and medium-sized manufacturers, citing labor shortages, the cost of adopting new technology, regulatory burdens, and cybersecurity compliance as major pressures, and urged support for the draft manufacturing bill. Brian Giuliani of the Port of Tampa Bay outlined the port’s cargo mix, infrastructure investments, and role in moving fuel, construction materials, and manufactured goods, saying the port’s expansion and transloading plans could better connect Florida manufacturers to suppliers and markets. Committee members repeatedly stressed the need to promote manufacturing careers earlier in school, improve public perception of the industry, and reduce barriers to investment. No formal vote was taken during the discussion, but the panelists broadly supported the draft manufacturing legislation and the committee’s focus on manufacturing policy.
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Finance Nov 20th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • In terms of operations, we expended $14.7 million in capital outlay last fiscal year.
  • We've used both individual capital outlay and statewide capital outlay to do a number of historic preservation
  • capital outlay, and there is still some capital outlay from my predecessor on the books.
  • We do spend our capital, so we'll get you answers about where those are.
  • They don't have the capital behind them that traditional insurance companies do.
NM
Transcript Highlights:
  • Next, line nine for capital improvements SB 9 for FY25 has been updated from 45.3 million to 45.4 million
  • which schools have the greatest educational and facility deficiencies or needs for the purposes of capital
  • In your books is the FOI 26 Capital funding program, um.
  • It passes We'll move on to The next item Which is item B FY 26 capital outlay awards cycle timeline.
  • To include up to a 5% reduction in local match on capital outlay awards.
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

Capitol Commission May 4th, 2026

Transcript Highlights:
  • The capital fall protection project began preliminary design last month.
  • The capital fall protection project began preliminary design last month.
  • guess is necessary, but will the accessibility and the new chairlifts be part of the overarching capital
  • move forward with it, we will determine and study whether those locations would be permanent in a capital
  • The next item on the agenda is the updated capital master plan, and that's pretty simple.
Summary: The commission heard updates on several Capitol accessibility and planning projects. A study of the ADA chairlifts at the Capitol was completed, and the consultant recommended replacing the lifts in the legislative library, House chamber, and Senate chamber because of compliance and functional issues. Preliminary cost estimates were about $400,000, with design expected to take a few months and construction another month or two. Members asked whether the replacement would fit into the broader capital master plan, and staff said the locations appear unlikely to be heavily affected, but that would be confirmed during design. The group also discussed the updated capital master plan and the pending owner’s representative procurement. The Office of Administration has the RFQ prepared, but it will not be released until budget authority is available; the commission had previously approved moving forward subject to appropriations, and members noted that delays will increase costs. Staff said they are waiting on the FY26 budget before proceeding. An update was given on the Governor’s Council on Disability’s digital wayfinding project. The team is working on the technical architecture, content process, and governance framework, and at this stage the commission is only expected to approve signage rather than fund the project. Members raised questions about long-term maintenance, software updates, and responsibility for ongoing costs, and staff said those details are still being worked out. The commission also emphasized that House and Senate leadership and administrative staff should be shown the proposed signs before implementation. The meeting ended with a motion to adjourn, which passed.
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

House Finance Division II (01/29/2025)

Transcript Highlights:
  • Federal Highway funds are restricted to capital projects only.
  • <04:52:06.520> Improvement Revenue into Capital Improvement Revenue into Capital Improvement
  • <04:53:05.080> projects couple of the major um capital projects couple of the major um capital
  • <04:53:11.320> projects at you know these cop capital projects at you know these cop capital
  • budgets and we've put some um Capital budgets and we've put some um Capital funds<05:06:51.718><
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The Division 2 Finance Committee heard an overview and budget presentation from New Hampshire Fish and Game, led by new Executive Director Stephanie Simi and Business Division Chief Kathy Leonti. The agency described its mission to conserve and manage fish, wildlife, and marine resources, and emphasized growing pressures from disease, climate impacts, habitat change, and increased public demand. Simi said the department is largely funded by hunting and fishing license revenue and federal grants, is reviewing staffing and internal processes, and faces critical needs including permanent funding for environmental review staff, infrastructure and IT modernization, and possible service reductions if additional support is not found. Members asked about specific program and policy issues, including chronic wasting disease in deer, hemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, moose population decline, and a proposed bait-disease bill. The department said it is actively monitoring diseases and did not see a need for the bait bill at this time. Legislators also discussed the Hike Safe program, which the department said has grown from an expected $100,000 annually to more than $300,000, and a possible boating version of that program, which the department said remains under consideration but would involve complex logistics and multiple agencies. Questions were also raised about rescue costs, out-of-state hikers, and whether boat registrations could be used as a revenue source; Fish and Game said boat registration is handled by the Department of Safety, though the department receives $5 per registered boat for the public boat access program. The budget discussion focused on revenue projections, use of unrestricted Fish and Game funds, and dependence on federal reimbursements. Leonti said the department met the governor’s general fund target but not the Fish and Game fund target without using surplus unrestricted funds, leaving only about $100,000 in the fund by the end of the biennium. She said the budget uses more than $18 million in Fish and Game funds annually against about $14 million in unrestricted revenue, and that five of 193 full-time positions remain unfunded. The department warned that if federal grants were halted, it could cost about $5 million over five months and force the Fish and Game fund to cover the gap. Committee members also requested that future presentations be sent electronically in advance, and the department agreed to do so.
NM
Transcript Highlights:
  • One of them has to do with the Higher Education Major Capital Projects Fund, as an example.
  • You've been discussing capital outlay changes.
  • Chair, in the Higher Education Department's capital recommendation, we have a whole section dedicated
  • In this particular case, we're measuring this by the number of capital projects which are underway or
  • Jason Rizzo, Vice President of Operations and Ape Bitta, who is responsible for managing the capital
Keywords: 996, all
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Finance Oct 14th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • I mean, is this, I mean, we know the problem with tribal capital.
  • Again, we do have, well, we had 5 FTE for capital outlay and TIF, but we're out of position right now
  • , and the chapters want to do the capital, but there hasn't been a resolution.
  • I think that TIF generally does a little better than capital outlay, quite honestly.
  • Capital Outlay, the way we've structured it, has been going on since 2004.
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

House - Appropriations and Finance Jan 27th, 2025

House Appropriations & Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • So, we're focusing on the small local public bodies that have capital outlay withheld.
  • Local public bodies that have capital outlay withheld.
  • Remember, it's not just about accessing capital outlay.
  • Spending capital outlay, however, I don't believe we have a very accurate, robust capital outlay tracking
  • And a capital million in a capital outlay request now.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

03/18/2026 - Senate Floor Session

Arizona Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Please stand for the prayer by Bill Heitzinger, Capital Connections, and remain standing for the Pledge
  • Senate Bill 1751, an act amending Section 13-757 of the Arizona Revised Statutes relating to capital
  • the Constitution of Arizona, amending Title 22, Section 22, Constitution of Arizona, relating to capital
  • I believe that none of them can, and that's just one reason why it is time to abolish capital punishment
  • And that's just one reason why it is time to abolish capital punishment. I vote no.
Keywords: 1182, all
WV

West Virginia 2026 Regular Session

Senate in Session Mar 14th, 2026 at 11:34 am

West Virginia Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • general revenue to the Department of Health Facilities in the following manner: $1 million to a new capital
  • outlay repairs and equipment surplus appropriation to Welch Community Hospital, $3.4 million to a new capital
  • Sharp Hospital, and $4,404,000 to a new capital outlay repairs and equipment surplus appropriation to
  • To a new capital outlay repairs and equipment surplus appropriation within the Division of Culture and
  • supplemental appropriates $10 million from the unappropriated surplus of general revenue to a new capital
Keywords: 994, senate, all
OK

Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session

Appropriations and Budget Jan 27th, 2026 at 01:30 pm

Appropriations and Budget

Transcript Highlights:
  • Capital Assets Manroup has successfully allocated over $56 million to capital projects during the year
  • Appropriations for one-time capital projects that have been deferred.
  • Appropriations for capital projects that have not been spent entirely already.
  • And so, whenever we look at the pure human capital numbers tied to that, it's basic math: how do we go
  • I'm the capital assets management administrator.
Keywords: 914, all
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Council Sep 29th, 2025

Legislative Council

Transcript Highlights:
  • Building services and capital security are in the process of developing additional programming on security
  • Capital North has been undergoing control upgrades, which are 95% complete.
  • be a bit of a guinea pig and to work out the kinks before it gets implemented to the rest of the capital
  • We are anticipating that the remainder of the capital phone numbers will transition over in about 30
  • Almost all of the phones in the capital have been switched out for the VoIP phones, but there's a handful
ND

North Dakota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Industry and Business Apr 2nd, 2025 at 09:30 am

Industry and Business

Transcript Highlights:
  • It doesn't compete to the level that it needs to to attract that capital.
  • done it, and they know all about all of the different challenges that exist in starting a business, capital
  • It doesn't compete to the level that it needs to to attract that capital.
  • done it, and they know all about all of the different challenges that exist in starting a business, capital
  • And I don't think, again, government would do as good I don't know. capital being one of them.
Keywords: 908, all
Summary: The Senate Industry and Business Committee met to take up remaining business, focusing mainly on House Bill 1191, which would create an Office of Entrepreneurship within the Department of Commerce, and noting that House Bill 1584 on pharmacy benefit managers would be held until amendments were ready. Members discussed whether the entrepreneurship effort should be housed in Commerce, whether it would duplicate existing private and nonprofit resources, and whether the state should be creating a new government function at all. Supporters said Commerce is the right place, the bill contains no appropriation, and the office would mainly direct small businesses and startups to existing resources and report back on demand and staffing needs. Opponents warned it could grow into another government entity and argued private industry and existing programs are better suited to provide coaching and mentorship. Testimony and discussion referenced small business development centers, the Kauffman/Right to Start model, and other startup support programs already operating in the state or elsewhere. Members also cited a local entrepreneur’s experience as an example of the value of mentorship, networking, and guidance from private-sector groups, while others stressed that government should focus on pointing people to those resources rather than running the assistance itself. The committee emphasized that the bill would ask Commerce to identify how it could support entrepreneurship with existing staff and to report on its efforts. A motion for a do pass recommendation on House Bill 1191 was made and seconded. The committee voted 3-2 in favor, with Senators Klein, Kessel, and Chairman Barta voting aye and Senator Inget voting nay; Vice Chair Bame’s vote was not recorded in the final tally as read. Senator Kessel was designated as the carrier. The committee then noted it would reconvene later in the day after floor session, with the PBM bill expected to be taken up once amendments were available.
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

House Chamber - Wed Feb 19, 2025, 12:00PM HST - Day 22

Hawaii House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • be<00:16:44.279> here<00:16:44.440> at<00:16:44.560> the<00:16:44.720> capital
  • agriculture will be here at the capital agriculture will be here at the capital tomorrow<00:16:45.600
  • know it's everybody's favorite day at know it's everybody's favorite day at the<00:16:53.639> capital
  • 54.519> it's<00:16:54.639> a<00:16:54.839> recess<00:16:55.319> day the capital
  • so I know it's a recess day the capital so I know it's a recess day so<00:16:56.079> please<00
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The House convened with 46 members present and five excused, then deferred reading of the journal. The chamber received Governor’s Message No. 4, which transmitted proposed changes to the fiscal biennium 2025-2027 executive budget, and the message was received and filed. The House also received a Senate communication transmitting a Senate bill that had passed third reading in the Senate; on motion by Representative Morikawa, seconded by Representative Garcia, the bill was given first reading by title on a voice vote. During introductions, Representative Morikawa recognized staff members Judy Hernandez and Robbie Allen, Representative Lamosao welcomed Kab Bukowski of IBEW 1260, and Representative Iwamoto introduced a Hawaii Pacific University student group visiting to learn about the legislative process and environmental policy. The House then considered Standing Committee Report No. 797; Representative Todd moved to adopt the report and advance the accompanying House bill as amended to second reading and third reading calendar, the motion was seconded by Representative Morikawa, and it passed by voice vote. No resolutions were up for action, and none were referred to print. Announcements highlighted an upcoming Capitol agriculture event featuring more than 70 vendors and a separate notice about House member jacket samples and ordering for 2025. The House adjourned on motion by Representative Moryker, seconded by Representative Garcia, until 12:00 noon on Thursday, February 27th.
LA

Louisiana 2026 Regular Session

House of Representatives May 11th, 2026

Louisiana House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I mean, you're talking about capital defense? That's correct. Yes. Yes, I'm aware of that.
  • I mean, what you were telling my capital defense? That's correct. Yes. that?
  • I mean, you were talking about capital defense? Yes, correct. Yes. I'm aware of that.
  • crimes. to defend more capital crimes?
  • The cost of capital attorneys are huge.
Bills: HR257, HR258, HR259, HR260, HR261, HR262, HR263, HCR105, HCR106, HR252, HR253, HR254, HR255, HR256, HCR103, HCR104, SB83, SB143, SB155, SB228, SB283, SB295, SB338, SB388, SB408, SB431, HR84, HR188, HR205, HB302, HB597, HB819, HB1257, HB1258, SCR24, SB45, SB58, SB71, SB81, SB92, SB100, SB109, SB141, SB156, SB181, SB203, SB204, SB205, SB207, SB213, SB214, SB216, SB229, SB257, SB274, SB290, SB304, SB374, SB379, SB396, SB410, SB425, SB427, SB429, SB479, SB522, SB357, SB406, HR171, HCR49, HCR65, HCR72, HR37, HCR64, HR170, HR191, HR206, HR207, HR208, HR217, HCR11, HCR53, HCR60, HCR66, HCR68, HR9, HCR27, HCR28, HCR50, HCR62, HCR67, HCR71, HCR78, HCR81, SCR19, SCR3, SCR6, SCR18, SCR11, SCR22, SCR2, SCR20, HCR6, HB64, HB68, HB92, HB130, HB258, HB633, HB801, HB61, HB98, HB102, HB139, HB142, HB170, HB185, HB194, HB199, HB231, HB247, HB294, HB336, HB474, HB661, HB842, HB852, HB301, HB359, HB657, HB675, HB680, HB727, HB79, HB251, HB625, HB769, HB775, HB783, HB895, HB1011, HB1057, HB1155, HB1186, HB1224, HB1245, HB1247, HB1253, HB1254, HB1255, HB1256, SB41, SB44, SB64, SB84, SB87, SB93, SB98, SB107, SB118, SB142, SB192, SB195, SB199, SB219, SB222, SB234, SB241, SB255, SB275, SB277, SB292, SB294, SB306, SB314, SB482, SB8, SB10, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB14, SB16, SB17, SB18, SB20, SB21, SB22, SB40, SB48, SB55, SB69, SB75, SB77, SB78, SB85, SB102, SB115, SB133, SB140, SB148, SB151, SB165, SB169, SB170, SB185, SB197, SB200, SB217, SB235, SB278, SB280, SB291, SB300, SB303, SB315, SB324, SB330, SB411, SB416, SB420, SB436, SB438, SB449, SB455, SB456, SB477, SB489, SB521, HB646, HB824, HB341, HB682, HB766, HB926, HB998, HB1051, HB1080, HB1201, HB1223, HB603, HB940, HB1191, SB47, HB901, HR20, HR74, HB284, HB306, HB366, HB393, HB458, HB577, HB582, HB605, HB614, HB733, HB752, HB773, HB798, HB911, HB955, HB996, HB1035, HB1069, HB1113, HB1140, HB1180, HB1240, SB82, SB89, SB149, SB382
NH
Transcript Highlights:
  • They're calling it the capital risk charge.
  • <05:17:52.480> Reserves<05:17:52.958> are maintain adequate capital.
  • Reserves are maintain adequate capital.
  • Rather, it would limit Health Trust's ability to accumulate capital for the protection of members and
  • > upon capitalization and relies upon capitalization and relies upon assessments<05:26:48.958>
Keywords: 928, house, all
Summary: The committee first heard Senate Bill 47, sponsored by Senator Regina Birdsell at the request of the Insurance Department. The bill would clarify that a birth mother’s health insurance is the primary policy for a newborn’s care unless the mother has no coverage or no employer-sponsored coverage. Birdsell and Insurance Commissioner DJ Benton Court said the measure simply codifies the department’s long-standing interpretation of existing law. Representative Miles asked whether the coverage would extend to a grandchild if a young woman on her parents’ plan had a baby, and Birdsell said it would. The hearing on SB 47 was then closed. The committee next heard Senate Bill 121, introduced by Grant Bosi for Senator Kevin Avard. The bill requires insurers to notify the Insurance Department when they stop writing an entire line of business or, in some cases, when they change Medicare Advantage offerings. Benton Court said the bill was prompted by disruption in the Medicare Advantage market, where consumers and the department were confused by carriers exiting, changing plans, or narrowing offerings. He said the department does not regulate Medicare Advantage itself, but does license the carriers, and the notice requirement would help the department advise consumers; he also said noncompliance could affect a carrier’s license and could lead to fines. Members discussed the notice period, and the department and AHIP indicated support for changing it from 120 days to 90 days to align with federal timing. The hearing was closed with plans to work on an amendment in subcommittee. Finally, the committee heard Senate Bill 247, introduced by Representative Brian Cole, which would prohibit network exclusion for pharmacies that refuse to dispense prescriptions when PBM reimbursement is below acquisition cost. Cole said the bill is meant to stop pharmacies from being forced to sell at a loss. Members questioned whether pharmacies voluntarily enter PBM contracts, whether the bill would raise consumer prices, and whether it would mainly affect independent pharmacies. Cole and others said the issue has changed over time because PBMs now control a much larger share of the market, and that the bill would let pharmacies refuse loss-making fills and direct patients to mail order instead. The discussion also noted that the bill excludes Medicare and Medicaid and that the current proposal does not create a middle-ground option for patients to pay a premium at the counter.