Video & Transcript : 'open primary' :

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MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Health and Human Services - 03/25/25

Health and Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • I suicide as one of the primary drivers.
  • They decide if you're a specialist or a primary care.
  • </c><00:30:34.799><c> care</c> thief river falls to get primary care thief river falls to get primary
  • And so in specialist or a primary care.
  • Suicide is a primary driver.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Public Safety Committee Apr 14th, 2026

Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • I believe that that satisfies our primary objection.
  • I believe that that satisfies our primary objection.
  • He drove forward through an open path.
  • But as we passed them, one of the men opened fire on our car.
  • They were summoning members to open lift calls.
Summary: The committee heard several bills related to public safety, juvenile justice, mental health, and criminal procedure. SB 1157 by Senator Archuleta would create a framework for less restrictive juvenile placements in the probation setting, with Judicial Council rules on issues such as insurance, staffing, background checks, notice, and zoning. Supporters said the bill would add needed safeguards for youth still serving custodial terms, while opponents argued it would impose rigid standards on a diverse continuum of placements and that the Judicial Council is the wrong entity to set substantive program rules. Members generally supported the goal of accountability, but the bill was not moved because quorum was not yet established at that point in the hearing. SB 1012 by Senator Smallwood-Cuevas, the Fire Camp to Career Act, would require CDCR to connect California Conservation Camp participants to state-approved apprenticeships and require apprenticeship programs to consider prior fire camp training. Supporters, including labor organizations, formerly incarcerated workers, and fire-training advocates, said the bill recognizes real skills gained in fire camps and creates a path to stable employment after release. Committee members largely supported the measure, with one noting that certification still must reflect demonstrated competency. SB 1012 was presented favorably, though the transcript does not show a final roll-call vote before the meeting moved on. SB 1306 by Senator Cortese would align California law with federal exemptions for certain low-concentration GBL chemical mixtures used in semiconductor manufacturing and research. Supporters said the bill would reduce unnecessary regulatory burdens without affecting pure GBL or public safety, and committee members expressed support. SB 1401 by Senator Stern would align felony incompetent-to-stand-trial procedures with existing misdemeanor procedures, including timelines, information-sharing, and conservatorship referral tools. Supporters said it would prevent people from falling through gaps in the mental health system, while opponents warned it could expand court control and weaken confidentiality and due process. The committee passed SB 1401 to Appropriations on a roll-call vote, with members voting aye and the bill held on call for absent members. The committee also heard SB 1027 by Senator Strickland, which would create a task force to study street prostitution, human trafficking, victim services, and community impacts. Supporters from law enforcement, cities, and district attorneys said the bill would help identify victims and develop better statewide responses; some opponents remained opposed to the bill as introduced but said they would review the amendments. Members praised the amended version, and the committee passed SB 1027 as amended to the Governmental Organization Committee on a roll-call vote, with the bill held on call for absent members. SB 1307 by Senator Jones, dealing with fraudulent or forged real estate documents and clouded titles, was also heard; after opposition withdrew, members supported the measure and moved it forward as amended, held on call for absent members. The transcript then shifted to SB 1276 by Senator Rubio, which would clarify that knowingly viewing livestreamed or AI-generated child sexual exploitation is criminalized; the author and witnesses described it as a needed update to keep pace with technology and close loopholes protecting predators from accountability.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Capital Investment Committee 4/30/25

Capital Investment

Transcript Highlights:
  • So there's an urgency in order to keep a child care facility open.
  • He touched on the fact that if we open.
  • </c><00:25:45.520><c> um</c> going to be able to remain open um going to be able to remain open um because
  • </c><00:58:44.400><c> entrances,</c> school bus routes and primary entrances, school bus routes and primary
  • </c><00:58:58.960><c> up</c> under this plan will open up under this plan will open up approximately<
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • We've also opened proceedings to implement these statutes.
  • Why don't we just make it an open discussion with these two panelists?
  • Why don't we just make it an open discussion with these two panelists?
  • If you have one on the primary and then they'll come in.
  • sure that we have an open line of communication with one another.
Summary: The Senate Committee on Energy, Utilities and Communications held an oversight hearing focused on electric rates, utility regulation, affordability, reliability, and wildfire-related costs. The chair framed the discussion around the challenge of transitioning to a cleaner grid while keeping bills affordable and the system reliable, and noted the hearing also served as the annual update from the CPUC and Public Advocates Office. Professor Severin Borenstein gave a primer on utility regulation, explaining the split between deregulated generation and regulated transmission/distribution, the basics of cost-of-service regulation, and the role of return on equity. He argued that high allowed returns can encourage capital-intensive spending and that many public policy costs now embedded in rates would be better funded through the state budget, while warning that price caps or performance-based regulation are not silver bullets. CPUC President-designate Alice Reynolds described the commission’s role as economic regulator of investor-owned utilities and said affordability is being addressed through rate case scrutiny, reasonableness reviews, and legislative direction. She said wildfire mitigation and insurance costs have been major drivers of rate increases, but some wildfire-related costs are time-limited and will roll off rates over time. She also highlighted progress on clean energy procurement, battery storage growth, and integrated resource planning to meet climate goals while maintaining reliability. Reynolds said the CPUC is reviewing utility spending, disallowing imprudent costs where appropriate, and litigating at FERC to challenge transmission costs. Members pressed both witnesses on several issues, including whether rates are being inflated by legislative mandates and balancing accounts, whether utility returns are too high, and whether the state should shift more public-policy costs off electric bills and into the General Fund. Senators also raised concerns about load growth from data centers and ports, gas-system stranded assets as electrification advances, and whether the CPUC is over-regulating or discouraging innovation. Reynolds said the CPUC is working with the Energy Commission, CAISO, and the Air Resources Board on a holistic planning process, and pointed to tools such as interconnection reforms and demand flexibility. No votes were taken; the hearing was informational, with several follow-up requests for reports and data.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Energy, Utilities and Communications Committee Mar 3rd, 2026

Energy, Utilities and Communications

Transcript Highlights:
  • We've also opened proceedings to implement these statutes.
  • Why don't we just make it an open discussion with these two panelists?
  • If you have one on the primary and then they'll come in.
  • And so I want to make sure that we have an open line of communication with one another...
  • sure that we have an open line of communication with one another.
Summary: The Senate Committee on Energy, Utilities and Communications held an oversight hearing focused on electric rates, utility regulation, affordability, wildfire costs, and the California Public Utilities Commission’s role. Chair and members framed the discussion around the challenge of transitioning to a cleaner grid while maintaining reliability and keeping bills affordable. The hearing also served as the annual update from the CPUC and the Public Advocates Office, with testimony from Professor Severin Borenstein and CPUC President-designate Alice Reynolds. Borenstein gave a primer on utility regulation, explaining that generation is largely deregulated while transmission and distribution remain regulated, and that most rate-setting follows cost-of-service regulation. He emphasized that the hardest issue is setting the allowed return on equity: too high can raise bills and encourage capital-heavy spending, while too low can deter investment and harm reliability. He argued there is no silver bullet, said performance-based regulation and price caps have limits, and suggested some costs now charged through electric bills—such as climate programs, low-income subsidies, and wildfire-related public policy costs—might more appropriately be paid through the state budget. Reynolds described the CPUC’s oversight role, saying the commission reviews utility spending through general rate cases, balancing accounts, and other proceedings, and that affordability is addressed through front-end scrutiny, post-spend accountability, and legislative direction. She highlighted wildfire mitigation as a major driver of rate increases, noted recent progress on clean energy procurement and battery storage, and said the CPUC is working on return-on-equity decisions, FERC advocacy on transmission costs, and implementation of SB 254 and other statutes. Members pressed on a range of issues, including wildfire securitization, load growth from EVs and data centers, gas-system stranded assets, balancing accounts, and a water-service dispute in Keene involving Union Pacific. No votes were taken; the hearing was informational, with several follow-up commitments from the CPUC to provide data and updates.
NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

House Health, Human Services and Elderly Affairs (03/25/2026)

Health, Human Services and Elderly Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c><01:34:35.920><c> care</c> changes and to go to the primary care changes and to go to the primary
  • and recognize prime sponsor, Senator Daryl Abbis. and open the public hearing on SB543 and open the
  • So I am open to any 670 Senate bill 670.
  • </c> in New Hampshire are a primary in New Hampshire are a primary distribution<04:30:18.640><c> point
  • They are one of the primary syringes.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Insurance Committee May 12th, 2026

Transcript Highlights:
  • Vice Chair, do you have any comments to open? Not much to add to what you have said, Mr. Chair.
  • And so with that, I'll offer Senator Becker an opportunity to make some opening comments as well as the
  • been very much rolling up their sleeves coming to all of my working group meetings and having a very open
  • And then it feels, you know, that's why you see some admitted insurers opening non-admitted subsidiaries
  • Doing this and keeping the data open and keeping it shared, I think, is very important and something
Summary: The Senate Committee on Insurance held an information hearing on the impacts of climate change and catastrophic wildfire on California’s insurance market, with opening remarks focused on the state’s affordability, availability, and stability problems. Chair and members discussed the role of SB 254’s report, the Sustainable Insurance Strategy, the growth of the FAIR Plan, and the need to better align insurance regulation, mitigation, and land-use decisions. The Vice Chair noted the importance of hearing from industry as well as consumer and academic experts, and Senator Becker said the report would inform further committee work. Amy Bach of United Policyholders described how climate-driven wildfire and flood risk, combined with inflation, insurtech, and risk modeling, have reduced competition and pushed more homeowners into the FAIR Plan and non-admitted surplus lines coverage. She said availability is improving somewhat, but affordability will depend on mitigation, insurer competition, and fair rate regulation. In response to questions, she emphasized underinsurance as a long-running problem, supported stronger insurer responsibility for replacement-cost estimates, and suggested a public reinsurance backstop and more mitigation funding rather than removing wildfire coverage from basic policies. Nancy Watkins of Milliman and Michael Wara of Stanford argued that the market problem is fundamentally that expected claims and expenses now exceed premiums because too many homes are burning. They said California needs both risk reduction and actuarially sound pricing, along with a state mitigation framework that targets the highest-risk communities and prioritizes home hardening, defensible space, and community-scale mitigation over broad acreage-based spending. They also discussed the role of non-admitted carriers as a gap-filler, the need for better data on reconstruction costs and mitigation effectiveness, and the importance of sustained funding rather than one-time grants. A later panel with Frank Freebalt of Cal Poly and Michael Golnar of UC Berkeley focused on modeling and mitigation science. They said wildfire policy should treat the issue as a structure-ignition and urban conflagration problem, not just a wildland fire problem, and stressed integrated land-use, utility, and community mitigation. Members asked about zoning, building codes, utility hardening, and who should pay for mitigation; witnesses said older, denser neighborhoods are the highest priority, that utilities must improve operational safety measures, and that targeted mitigation in the highest-risk areas offers the best return. No votes or formal actions were taken at the hearing.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Capital Investment Committee 2/19/26

Capital Investment

Transcript Highlights:
  • The process is open to state agencies and political subdivisions whose capital projects are generally
  • The process<00:03:40.799><c> is</c><00:03:40.959><c> open</c><00:03:41.200><c> to</c><00:03:41.440><c
  • > state</c><00:03:41.680><c> agencies</c><00:03:42.239><c> and</c> process is open to state agencies
  • and process is open to state agencies and political<00:03:42.879><c> subdivisions</c><00:03:43.680><c
  • tool we use to address these primary tool we use to address these needs. needs. needs.
Keywords: 1183, house
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

01/13/2026 - Senate Regulatory Affairs & Government Efficiency Committee of Reference

Senate Regulatory Affairs & Government Efficiency Committee of Reference

Transcript Highlights:
  • To rectify this, the board has implemented the two primary recommendations.
  • Those mail-in payments require opening, multiple people there to witness the opening, tracking and logs
  • They do not open it. We They retrieve our mail. They do not open it.
  • We open the mail. We process the mail. We apply it to accounts. Wednesday. We open the mail.
  • Over the 18 years the stadium has been open, the impact is $6 billion.
Keywords: 1182, all
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Finance Jul 22nd, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • It will open later this year, and we hope you'll all join us for the ribbon-cutting.
  • We have multiple pieces of that system that will continue to open throughout the fall, but right now
  • Next year, as we open that, we look forward to being able to do that very soon.
  • When I look at the renovations and the openings that we've had in just the last two years all across
  • That is one of the primary things we do as an educational institution.
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

JDC Public Hearing 03-19-2026

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • Gluck, if you'd like to come up and make an opening statement. Good morning.
  • Reducing and eventually eliminating that backlog will be my primary focus if I'm confirmed.
  • c><00:10:43.600><c> focus</c><00:10:44.000><c> if</c><00:10:44.160><c> I'm</c> backlog will be my primary
  • focus if I'm backlog will be my primary focus if I'm confirmed. confirmed. confirmed.
  • And I think that there is a value in having that kind of openness and transparency with oral arguments
Committee: Senate Judiciary
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The Judiciary Committee heard testimony on Governor’s Message 725, the nomination of Daniel M. Gluck to serve as associate judge of the Intermediate Court of Appeals for a 10-year term. The chair announced a two-minute testimony limit, said the committee would not vote that day, and scheduled decision-making for the next day at 10:45 a.m. in Room 016. Testimony in support came from the Governor’s Office, judges and legal professionals, the Hawaii State Bar Association, and members of the public, including a child who described Gluck’s kindness and help in Girl Scouts. The committee reported 72 supporters, zero opposition, and one comment from the West Side Bar Association. Gluck thanked the committee and outlined his background in private practice, nonprofit work, and government service, including work in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. He emphasized access to justice, pro bono representation, and his commitment to reducing the ICA backlog. In response to questions, he said he would focus on fuller staffing, shorter and more concise opinions, possible use of AI for limited administrative tasks, and process improvements to speed appeals. He also discussed appellate timelines, briefing schedules, and the value of oral argument for transparency and clarification. Members questioned him about impartiality, especially in cases involving tension between Hawaii and federal precedent. Gluck said judges must follow controlling law, including U.S. Supreme Court precedent on federal questions and Hawaii Supreme Court precedent on state-law issues, and that the judiciary should not make policy. He also described his current work as deputy corporation counsel, including HART, firearms licensing after Bruen, appeals, and pending state cases. No vote was taken, and the hearing was adjourned after questions concluded.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Ethics and Elections Feb 23rd, 2026

Ethics and Elections

Transcript Highlights:
  • We would appreciate any opening remarks you might like to make. Thank you.
  • We are open to looking at any changes to how we report data.
  • Medicaid is a primary payer in the behavioral health space.
  • As I stated in my opening, compliance of the managed care plans is really important to me.
  • Commissioner Payne, you're recognized for any opening comments you might make.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Education Feb 18th, 2026

Transcript Highlights:
  • And open the public hearing on substitute open the public hearing on substitute Senate Bill 5841 concerning
  • I'm Collette Weeks, Executive Director of the Washington Coalition for Open Government.
  • In the interest of open government, this is the right thing to do.
  • In the interest of open government, this is the right thing to do.
  • But I can't speak for the primary sponsor. Of course. Thank you, Megan.
Summary: The House Education Committee heard several bills related to special education records, artificial intelligence in schools, financial aid access, educator preparation, school health, and student mobile device use. Substitute Senate Bill 6268 would require OSPI to keep an online public record of final special education community complaint decisions for 20 years; the sponsor and several parents, attorneys, and open-government advocates said the records help families, schools, and researchers understand past decisions and remedies, while no one testified in opposition. Substitute Senate Bill 5956 would limit school use of automated decision systems, school surveillance technology, biometric data, and facial recognition in student discipline and safety contexts; the sponsor and supporters said it would prevent harmful false positives and discriminatory impacts, while an industry witness warned the bill could unintentionally reduce school safety by limiting emergency facial-recognition uses. Committee discussion focused on the bill’s scope, especially whether it affects classroom grading or only discipline-related decisions, and staff noted the bill does not require teacher training. The committee also heard Substitute Senate Bill 5841, which would add financial-aid application data to the High School and Beyond Plan platform and require students to receive information about the Washington Opportunity Scholarship Program. The sponsor said the bill would make aid status more transparent and easier to track, especially for families facing language or access barriers, and a student advocate testified in support; a committee member raised concerns about privacy for immigrant and DACA students, and the sponsor said the portal would be opt-in and guided by privacy protections. Senate Bill 6278 would codify and update Professional Educator Standards Board review of teacher and principal preparation programs, including program standards, educator role standards, evidence, and input from P-12 partners, while allowing field placement plans to be submitted on a less frequent schedule; PESB staff said the bill largely reflects current practice and adds flexibility. Substitute Senate Bill 5240 would expand who may administer epinephrine in schools and allow use of any available epinephrine when a student with a prescription on file has anaphylaxis; school nurses supported broader access to stock epinephrine but warned against using one student’s medication for another and raised legal and ethical concerns, while the sponsor emphasized faster response in emergencies. Finally, Substitute Senate Bill 5346 would direct OSPI to study and report on school mobile-device restrictions and update digital citizenship resources to include research and best practices on student phone use. Staff said OSPI already has some guidance, but the bill would create formal legislative reports and expand the state’s digital citizenship materials. The committee began taking testimony on that bill as the hearing time ran short, and the chair noted there were ten people signed in to testify.
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Agriculture & Natural Resources Jan 29th, 2026 at 01:30 pm

Agriculture & Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:
  • The primary goal of a plan is to establish strategies that align hatchery production with conservation
  • So, Madam Vice Chair, we'll open up the public hearing.
  • So with that, Madam Vice Chair, we'll open up the public hearing.
  • Chair, we'll open up the public hearing. Thank you, Chair.
  • Seeing no questions, Madam Vice Chair, we'll open up the public hearing. Thank you, Chair.
Bills: SB6104 , SB6241 , SJM8015 , SB6318
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • Let me pull open my appropriate spreadsheets here. So PrEP and... PrEP and ARPA.
  • So now the primary runway is open again.
  • We'll start on this as soon as it's fully open and been remarked completely.
  • Ports of entry are a primary focus.
  • On the county bridge side, we opened our application cycle on November 1.
Summary: The committee met for an oversight update on how one-time and recurring transportation-related appropriations are being implemented. Oklahoma Department of Aerospace and Aeronautics Director Grayson Artees reviewed ARPA and PREP-funded airport and aerospace projects, including completed or nearing-completion work at Will Rogers, Woodward, Ardmore, Tulsa’s air traffic control tower, and multiple hangar, terminal, taxiway, utility, and UAS infrastructure projects statewide. He also discussed one-time FY25 and FY26 appropriations for airport development, the repurposing of an unneeded Lufthansa project allocation into other aerospace projects, and the department’s aerospace education grants, classroom labs, aircraft-build programs, and internship support. Members asked for lists of participating schools and for a clearer overall accounting of the funding; Artees said the department would provide those materials and estimated roughly $400 million has been invested in aerospace and defense since PREP and ARPA, with about $250 million directed to airport infrastructure. The committee then heard from ODOT Secretary Tim Gatz on the Retro Fund, lake and industrial access roads, ports of entry, and the PACT Fund. Gatz said Retro, created in statute and funded with $200 million in both 2024 and FY25, is helping accelerate rural high-impact road and bridge projects; he reported $249 million awarded so far, supporting about $1.4 billion in construction, with most projects expected to be awarded by September 2027. He also described lake and industrial access projects, including work at the Port of Inola, and updated members on ports of entry, internal way stations, and the replacement of the aging OkiPROS permitting system with ProMiles. On PACT, he said the county road and bridge allocations are being administered, but the Tax Commission’s role in distributing the county road share has created unnecessary bureaucracy; he urged a statutory fix so the money can go directly to counties. Members asked for lists of approved lake/recreational projects and for clarification on the Tax Commission issue; Gatz said ODOT would provide the project list and that he would welcome Tax Commission input on a legislative remedy. No votes were taken, and the meeting adjourned after the updates and questions.
ND

North Dakota 2026 1st Special Session

Legislative Audit and Fiscal Review Committee Jun 17th, 2026 at 10:00 am

Legislative Audit and Fiscal Review Committee

Transcript Highlights:
  • On page six is our primary objective.
  • of this year, which is a full month before the 2025 renewal season was opened.
  • We currently still have a number of those claims still open. Okay.
  • It's things like open records compliance and a couple of other areas.
  • records and open meeting laws, which apply to governing bodies of political subdivisions.
Keywords: 908, all
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Emergency Management Committee Apr 21st, 2026

Emergency Management

Transcript Highlights:
  • There are currently 57 states of emergency proclamations that remain open today.
  • Recently, the governor has taken the initiative to begin to close ...remain open today.
  • If there are any here, I do not have any other primary. Okay.
  • We're going to open the... All right, Senate Emergency Management Committee will reconvene.
  • We're going to open the file for the absent members.
Summary: The Senate Emergency Management Committee heard several wildfire- and emergency-related bills. SB 1270 by Senator Richardson would expand the California Wildfire Mitigation Program to more counties and direct future funding toward areas with the greatest wildfire risk and social vulnerability; supporters included CSAC and the South Coast Air Quality Management District. SB 1079 by Senator Stern would create a permanent fire innovation unit within Cal Fire to identify operational needs, test new technologies, and speed deployment of successful tools; it drew support from Megafire Action, fire agencies, and several advocacy groups. SB 1020 by Senator Niello would require annual reporting on open gubernatorial states of emergency, including spending and lessons learned, to increase legislative oversight without limiting emergency powers; the LAO provided technical assistance on the bill. SB 894 by Senator Allen would establish a wildfire resilience loan program modeled on Go Green to help finance home hardening and defensible space improvements, with broad support from state, local, environmental, and credit union interests. Testimony on the bills emphasized wildfire risk, the need for broader home hardening access, and the value of innovation and oversight in emergency management. Supporters of SB 894 said grants alone cannot meet the scale of needed mitigation and that low-cost financing could leverage private capital. Supporters of SB 1079 argued California needs a more formal system to connect firefighters with innovators and scale proven technologies. On SB 1020, the author and committee discussed balancing executive emergency authority with transparency and accountability. There was no recorded opposition to the measures during testimony. After discussion, the committee accepted amendments on the bills and voted to pass SB 894, SB 973, SB 1020, SB 1270, and SB 1079 as amended to the Senate Appropriations Committee. The transcript shows multiple roll calls as quorum was established and absent members were called; each bill ultimately received unanimous support from members present and was reported out of committee.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Emergency Management Committee Apr 21st, 2026

Emergency Management

Transcript Highlights:
  • There are currently 57 states of emergency proclamations that remain open today.
  • Recently, the governor has taken the initiative to begin to close ...remain open today.
  • If there are any here, I do not have any other primary. Okay.
  • We're going to open the... All right, Senate Emergency Management Committee will reconvene.
  • We're going to open the file for the absent members.
Keywords: 987, senate, all
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, February 9, 2026)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I did say last year I'd hope to be there at the opening.
  • I did say last year I'd hope to be there at the opening.
  • ,</c> not be able to see when they're opened, not be able to see when they're opened, but<03:09:44.720
  • Because it may be a little bit technologically behind by the time it's opened.
  • </c> gives a company and its primary gives a company and its primary regulator<04:21:08.880><c> regulators
FL

Florida 2026 4th Special Session

February 3, 2026 - 08:00 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • Again, Representative Chambliss: understanding that we don't want to open it up for every candidate in
  • I'm open to the conversation. Any other questions? Chair: I see no amendments. Public testimony?
  • They were in there for less than 56 seconds, and the time it took from the time he opened her bedroom
  • We have an open civil society and we have voluntary associations that people in this country join to
  • Muslim Brotherhood established the Palestine Committee, which functioned as the primary U.S.