Video & Transcript Research : 'stability'

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US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Thursday, January 9, 2025)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • declared in Executive Order 13321 of June 26, 2001, blocking property of persons who threaten stabilization
  • :28:40.519> Rights<00:28:40.919> and<00:28:41.240> promote<00:28:41.600> stability
  • <00:28:41.960> in of Human Rights and promote stability in of Human Rights and promote stability
  • Say we're going to borrow about 7% of the entire economy this year if we don't start to stabilize that
  • the situation to stab ize the stabilize the situation to stab ize the markets<06:09:07.840> and
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Judiciary Committee Apr 21st, 2026

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • AB 1903 is not addressing those issues, but what it does is overturn SB 800, which has provided stability
  • face increased pressure to sell, potentially accelerating displacement and changing neighborhood stability
  • Many Californians lost not just their homes, but their sense of stability.
  • opposing the measure—but we believe this approach best supports homeowners while preserving the stability
  • Statutory protections for extradition give California providers stability and ensure that California
Keywords: 988, house, all
Summary: The committee heard several bills, with extensive testimony on AB 1557, AB 1770, AB 2075, AB 1864, and AB 1709. AB 1557 would clarify e-bike power limits and set lower speed restrictions for Class 1 and 2 e-bikes; the author and police chiefs framed it as a youth safety measure in response to severe injuries and deaths, while bicycle industry representatives warned it could conflict with federal standards and disrupt California businesses. AB 1770 would place large health care service plans’ binding arbitration under Attorney General oversight and require compliance with the California Arbitration Act; supporters described patient harm and biased arbitration, while Kaiser Permanente and the Civil Justice Association said they were still reviewing amendments and had concerns. AB 2075 would require fire suppression equipment to be kept on or near tractors and other work sites to prevent wildfire spread, and AB 1864 would require screening of gene synthesis orders to prevent misuse for bioterrorism; both were presented as common-sense safety measures, with AB 1864 drawing support from biosecurity experts and some industry groups raising amendment concerns. The most extensive discussion was on AB 1709, which would prohibit social media accounts for users under 16 on platforms with harmful addictive features and create an e-safety commission. The author and supporters argued that social media companies intentionally design addictive products that harm children’s mental health, citing internal company documents, research, and recent court rulings; teen, medical, and advocacy witnesses described cyberbullying, addiction, and other harms. Opponents, including EFF and other civil liberties and industry groups, argued the bill is overbroad, violates the First Amendment, increases data collection, and could cut off access to community and information for youth, especially LGBTQ+ youth and other vulnerable groups. Committee members raised questions about out-of-state users, parental use, dark web harms, and how to preserve community resources for teens; the author said the bill targets platform design rather than speech and emphasized continued work with stakeholders. No final votes were taken during the portion of the meeting provided. The chair repeatedly noted that motions would be taken later when quorum and agenda timing allowed, and several authors asked for aye votes or said they would continue working with opponents on amendments and clarifications.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

03/23/2026 - House Health & Human Services

Health & Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • For many individuals, the right antipsychotic medication is the difference between stability and crisis
  • For many individuals, the right antipsychotic medication is the difference between stability and crisis
  • For many individuals, the right anti-sacotid medication is the difference between stability and crisis
  • medications for opioid use disorder, and recovery support services, they are significantly more likely to stabilize
  • costs while continuing to maintain coverage, which puts pressure on operating room access, staffing stability
Summary: The committee first heard Senate Bill 1121, which would prohibit hospitals from requiring lead aprons for cardiac catheterization staff when a radiation protection system is in place, while still allowing hospitals to require aprons outside the designated safety zone or when exposure levels warrant additional protection. An amendment added flexibility for radiation safety officers to require lead or other PPE if exposures approach occupational limits and removed expedited rulemaking language. Supporters, including the sponsor and interventional cardiologists, argued the devices reduce radiation and orthopedic injuries and improve recruitment and retention; hospital groups shifted to neutral after the amendment. The committee adopted the amendment and passed SB 1121 on a 9-2 vote. The committee then considered Senate Bill 1120, which would require hospitals performing cardiac catheterization procedures to equip at least 50% of those rooms with radiation protection systems by 2027. Supporters said the systems protect clinicians from radiation and long-term injury, while opponents, including hospital and radiology groups, argued the bill was overly prescriptive, could create a captive market, and might not fit all rooms or procedures. After adopting a children’s hospital exemption amendment, the committee passed SB 1120 on a 6-6 vote, with the chair breaking the tie in favor of the bill. Senate Bill 1118, an appropriation measure tied to the radiation protection system proposal, was also advanced after brief discussion, passing 6-5. The committee then took up Senate Bill 1214, which would create guardrails for non-FDA-approved stem cell and regenerative therapies, including provider standards, informed consent, advertising limits, reporting requirements, and a private right of action for violations. Supporters described it as a patient-protection and access bill, while testimony emphasized concerns about unregulated “bad actors” and patients traveling out of state for treatment. The committee adopted an amendment removing a reference to the National Law and passed SB 1214 on a 9-3 vote. The transcript then began discussion of SB 1630, which would create a Medicaid-funded home and community-based service benefit for adults with serious mental illness, with AHCCCS taking a neutral position and estimating a significant fiscal impact.
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

HSH-HLT Joint Public Hearing - Thu Mar 19, 2026 @ 9:30 AM HST

Human Services & Homelessness

Transcript Highlights:
  • These individuals have taken a difficult first step off the street into shelters in effort to stabilize
  • housing research continues to find that Housing First and other low-barrier models improve housing stability
  • other low-barrier models<01:18:42.400> improve<01:18:42.840> housing<01:18:43.160> stability
  • <01:18:43.760> and models improve housing stability and models improve housing stability and
  • This bill fixes that by simplifying and stabilizing access to nutrition, helping people stay healthy
Summary: The committee heard SB 709 SD2, which would require the Department of Health to respond to reports involving persons with severe mental illness, assess eligibility for assisted community treatment, and coordinate treatment when appropriate. Testimony from the Department of Human Services and the Department of Health supported the measure, with DOH saying it generally supported the bill but had comments on one section it viewed as unnecessary. The Department of Law Enforcement later explained that the bill would shift certification and standards for crisis intervention officer training from DOH to DLE, while still involving DOH in the training process. Opposition came from the Hawaii Disability Rights Center and an individual testifier, both of whom argued the bill expands state authority over people with mental illness and could worsen forced treatment practices. The Disability Rights Center also raised procedural concerns, saying the bill was effectively moved from a prior administration measure that had not been heard this session, and questioned whether the bill’s changes to assisted community treatment, blood tests, urinalysis, and living arrangements went beyond current law. The individual testifier argued the bill would further entrench harmful psychiatric drugging and urged the committee to defer it. Committee members questioned the administration about the bill’s process, the role of the Attorney General in treatment-over-objection proceedings, and the practical effects of moving CIT certification to DLE. The Attorney General’s office said the bill was intended to fill a gap by allowing it to assist with treatment proceedings, while public defenders would continue to represent respondents and due process protections would remain in place. DLE and DOH said the change would better align certification with law enforcement training needs, improve speed in crisis response, and still keep DOH involved; members also discussed whether WAM counted as a hearing and whether the bill should more explicitly preserve DOH’s role. No vote or final action was taken in the portion provided.
AL

Alabama 2026 1st Special Session

Alabama House Mar 12th, 2026

Alabama House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • So that's an indication of our revenues stabilizing and kind of how we're moving forward as start with
  • So that's an indication of our revenues stabilizing and kind of how we're moving forward as start with
  • 19:53.679> of<00:19:53.840> how<00:19:54.080> we're<00:19:54.559> uh stabilizing
  • and kind of how we're uh stabilizing and kind of how we're uh moving<00:19:55.200> forward<00
  • So it comes after budget stabilization, after ENT.
Keywords: 1136, house, all
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • This bill is needed to expand access to quality child care and address child care shortages and to stabilize
  • <00:19:31.600> to address child care shortages and to address child care shortages and to stabilize
  • It's going to increase the capacity of the workforce, provide economic stability for working families
  • um of the workforce,<00:25:00.000> provide<00:25:00.400> economic<00:25:01.039> stability
  • workforce, provide economic stability workforce, provide economic stability for<00:25:01.840>
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The committees heard testimony on HB 1872, which would create an early learning apprenticeship grant program to help early childhood providers participate in approved apprenticeship programs, require annual reporting, and appropriate funds. Testifiers in support included the University of Hawaiʻi, the Executive Office on Early Learning, the City and County of Honolulu, Commit to Keiki, the Chamber of Commerce Hawaiʻi, the Commission on the Status of Women, Hawaiʻi Children’s Action Network Speaks, Parents for Public Schools of Hawaiʻi, and Kīʻoka Family Learning Centers. Supporters said the bill would reduce financial barriers, strengthen recruitment and retention, improve compensation and career pathways, and help address child care shortages and workforce instability. The committee then voted to pass HB 1872 with amendments, including an HD1 and a defective date to allow further discussion. The committee next took up HB 2489, which would appropriate funds for the University of Hawaiʻi to establish a bachelor’s degree program in American Sign Language interpretation, with a longer-term plan for a master’s program. Testimony in support came from the Disability Communication Access Board and the University of Hawaiʻi, and members also heard detailed support from DECAP and other advocates describing a statewide shortage of ASL interpreters, long waiting lists for ASL courses, and the need for locally trained interpreters who understand Hawaiʻi’s cultural and community needs. Witnesses said the shortage affects schools, courts, hospitals, emergency services, and other settings, and that the program could be expanded through articulation with other campuses. The committee voted to pass HB 2489 with amendments, again using an HD1 and defective date. After those two measures, the committee moved to HB 441 on campus safety, which would require students, including transfer students, to complete training on federal laws and university policies regarding sexual misconduct before initial registration and would change how often training is provided to students and employees. The University of Hawaiʻi stood on its written testimony, while supporters including IMUA Alliance and other testifiers urged passage, citing survivor experiences, national best practices, and the need for prevention before harm occurs. No vote on HB 441 was reached in the portion provided.
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • So, investing in these reimbursement rates, providing stability by adding money to the program, can help
  • So, investing in these reimbursement rates, providing stability by adding money to the program, can help
  • prioritize prevention, incentivize preventive and restorative care, and use that to support the workforce stability
  • and use that to support<00:16:02.320> the<00:16:02.560> workforce<00:16:03.360> stability
  • , support the workforce stability, support the workforce stability, including<00:16:04.480> that
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The Medicaid Oversight and Advisory Board meeting began with a roll call and approval of the October 7 meeting minutes. The chair then reordered the agenda to hear the item on Medicaid reimbursement rates and network adequacy first because of scheduling issues. Dr. Steve Robertson of the Kentucky Dental Association was sworn in and testified at length about Kentucky’s dental Medicaid program, arguing that reimbursement rates are unsustainably low, have been largely flat for decades, and are often below the cost of providing care. He said Kentucky ranks near the bottom nationally in oral health, dental Medicaid rates are often 60% or less of commercial rates, and the program’s share of the Medicaid budget has effectively remained around 2% despite growth in enrollment and services. Dr. Robertson said the low rates are contributing to provider losses, rural access gaps, longer wait times, dental deserts, and greater use of emergency rooms for preventable dental problems. He cited examples of office costs exceeding reimbursement for basic procedures, noted that many dentists are small private businesses, and said the state is struggling to recruit and retain dentists because of low payment levels and high student debt. He also pointed to disparities with neighboring states and said recent increases in some oral surgery and cleaning codes were not enough to address the broader problem. His recommendations included completing the rebasing study, increasing dental reimbursement in the upcoming budget, tying future reviews to inflation and cost data, aligning benchmarks, and prioritizing preventive and restorative care to improve workforce stability and access. Board members asked about the size of the needed increase, the effect of private insurance on dental practice finances, and what a new dentist might expect to earn. Dr. Robertson said the association is working on an appropriations request and that private insurance pressures are part of the problem as well, since many plans are HMOs or PPOs with limited provider control over rates. He also said the association can no longer conduct reimbursement surveys because of FTC restrictions, but would try to obtain current ADA data. In response to questions about the future of the program, he warned that without significant changes it could become unsustainable and cited Ohio and Missouri as examples where higher reimbursement improved provider participation and access. The board then heard from Mr. Bowman of Baldwin Consulting, who discussed outpatient behavioral health providers, including ABA therapy and mental health/substance use disorder services. He said these providers face similar issues of rising costs, flat reimbursement, and access problems. He reviewed Kentucky’s network adequacy standards, including travel-time standards, 30-day appointment limits, and newer federal requirements that will require services within 10 business days by 2029. He said wait times for outpatient behavioral health, especially children’s services and ABA, have grown substantially, sometimes to more than a year, and emphasized that the Medicaid department must enforce these standards.
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Taxes Committee 3/26/25

Taxes

Transcript Highlights:
  • homestead credit is not only fair; it will help households struggling to make ends meet move closer to stability
  • homestead credit is not only fair; it will help households struggling to make ends meet move closer to stability
  • 2274 would qualify this requirement and would best support property tax-based administration and stability
  • tax-based would best support property tax-based Administration<01:26:44.560> and<01:26:44.760> stability
  • <01:26:45.560> Statewide Administration and stability Statewide Administration and stability
Keywords: 1183, house
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Finance (03/11/2025)

Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • make sure that those bands were in the right location and that the goal here is to number one, put stability
  • one<02:06:22.040> puts goal here is to number one puts goal here is to number one puts stability
  • 06:22.840> in<02:06:23.000> the<02:06:23.119> risk<02:06:23.400> Pool stability
  • in the risk Pool stability in the risk Pool Management<02:06:25.679> um<02:06:25.800> that
  • I think we've given some good stability here, and also I think really put the appropriate guardrails
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Taxes Committee 3/6/25

Taxes

Transcript Highlights:
  • You'll see lakeshore stabilization projects, cover crop seed mix expertise, working with livestock owners
  • You'll see lakeshore stabilization projects, cover crop seed mix expertise, working with livestock owners
  • You'll see lakeshore stabilization projects, cover crop seed mix expertise, working with livestock owners
  • You'll see lakeshore stabilization projects, cover crop seed mix expertise, working with livestock owners
  • You'll see lakeshore stabilization projects, cover crop seed mix expertise, working with livestock owners
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Commerce Finance and Policy Committee 2/25/25

Commerce Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • These two are constantly evolving, and our goals are to maintain stability within those industries and
  • The alcohol industry, the business interests, work very hard to maintain stability and integrity in the
  • The alcohol industry, the business interests, work very hard to maintain stability and integrity in the
  • The alcohol industry, the business interests, work very hard to maintain stability and integrity in the
  • The alcohol industry, the business interests, work very hard to maintain stability and integrity in the
Keywords: 1183, house
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

House Energy Finance and Policy Committee 2/11/25 - Part 1

Energy Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • We should also be scaling up virtual or distributed power plants to stabilize our grid during times of
  • We should also be scaling up virtual or distributed power plants to stabilize our grid during times of
  • <00:29:02.960> our<00:29:03.159> grid power plants to stabilize our grid power plants
  • to stabilize our grid during<00:29:04.159> times<00:29:04.440> of<00:29:04.640> peak
  • highlights the urgent need for firm, reliable power sources like nuclear energy to maintain grid stability
Keywords: 1183, house
DE

Delaware 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Administration Committee Meeting Jun 30th, 2026 at 10:00 am

Administration

Transcript Highlights:
  • Cordrey's public service and decades of lasting contributions to Delaware's fiscal and economic stability
Keywords: 1064, all
DE

Delaware 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Administration Committee Meeting Jun 30th, 2026

Administration

Transcript Highlights:
  • Cordrey's public service and decades of lasting contributions to Delaware's fiscal and economic stability
Summary: The House Administration Committee met with a quorum present and considered four Senate bills. SB 314 updated Delaware’s rape shield law governing criminal proceedings and evidence; the sponsor said it was developed collaboratively by the Department of Justice and the Office of Defense Services, and there was no public comment. SB 347 made technical corrections to the Medical Debt Protection Act; the Delaware Health Care Association thanked sponsors for early collaboration, and there was no virtual comment. SB 349 named the Millsboro Bypass the Senator Richard S. Cordrey Bypass in honor of Senator Cordrey’s service; Senator Petty Jodget spoke in support, and the bill was released. SB 345 would prevent minors involved in trafficking-related prostitution offenses from being tried for prostitution; there was no public comment, and it was also released. For each bill, the committee took a motion to release and approved it by roll call vote. SB 314, SB 347, SB 349, and SB 345 all received unanimous support from the members present, with Speaker Minor-Brown absent for the first two votes and present for the latter two. The meeting then adjourned.
FL

Florida 2026 4th Special Session

February 5, 2026 - 12:30 PM

Transcript Highlights:
  • online child sexual exploitation by placing ICAC task forces into statute and provides long-term stability
MS
Transcript Highlights:
  • Senate Bill 2674 is about access to care, hospital stability, and fairness in how Mississippi's Medicaid
Summary: The Senate Medicaid Committee heard testimony on Senate Bill 2674, which would increase Mississippi Medicaid reimbursement for outpatient vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) procedures used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy. Dave Weinberger of LivaNova said current Medicaid rates are far below Medicare and most neighboring southern states, creating financial pressure on hospitals and causing some to stop offering the procedure. He argued the therapy provides durable clinical benefits and long-term savings for Medicaid, and said the bill would align Mississippi’s rates with Medicare’s 2026 outpatient rates and with other states. Weinberger said the bill would set reimbursement at $45,000 for CPT 64568 and $35,000 for CPT 61885, and framed the measure as improving access, hospital stability, and fairness for vulnerable patients. Committee members did not ask questions during this hearing, though the chair noted the bill had been double referred and would go to appropriations, with a more detailed hearing scheduled for the next day. After discussion, a motion was made that the title was sufficient and the bill do pass. The committee approved the motion, and the bill was reported out of committee.
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • Secondly, that the Education Stabilization Fund is expanded to minimize disruptions for school districts
Summary: The conference committee met to discuss the Senate’s second budget offer and its first offer on SB 7030. The chair said the budget proviso and back-of-bill offers were continuing to close out remaining issues, and explained the Senate’s approach to the new academic accelerated option supplement in the FEFP as restoring about 80% of prior weighted FTE funding for acceleration options other than dual enrollment, citing existing statutory requirements and the different cost structure of dual enrollment. Senator Gates then presented the Senate’s modified SB 7030 offer, saying the bill was intended to address problems tracking roughly 23,000 students moving among public schools, private schools, and homeschooling, and to better ensure funding follows students correctly. He said the offer would preserve key parts of SB 7030 while making changes such as extending the fall application window, delaying some spring-term documentation, modifying background screening requirements, and allowing the commissioner to extend deadlines in extenuating circumstances. The offer also kept the Family Empowerment Scholarship Program as a separate FEFP categorical, expanded the Education Stabilization Fund, created fall and spring application windows, required enrollment cross-checks and student IDs, changed scholarship payments to monthly with front-loaded options, and required scholarship funding organizations to return funds tied to Auditor General FTE audit findings. A public commenter, a longtime teacher from Daytona Beach, urged that the financial literacy course be taught at a later grade level, such as 11th or 12th grade, and suggested a system of diverse guest speakers in classrooms to encourage more students from underrepresented groups to consider business ownership. No questions were raised from the committee after the Senate offer, and no vote was taken. The vice chair said the House would take the offer back for review, and the chair announced there would likely be one more meeting with a one-hour notice before the meeting adjourned by motion without objection.
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • What this seeks to do is create what's called the Family Empowerment Scholarship Stabilization Enrollment
Summary: The meeting focused on the House’s first offer on the budget, proviso, and back-of-the-bill items in negotiations with the Senate. Representative Persons-Mulica explained that the House’s proposal would create an academic acceleration options supplement to support advanced courses such as AP, IB, ACE, and CAP, and would fund that supplement at 100% of the amount generated under the current statutory weight system, rather than the lower level included in the Senate’s proposal. She said the House’s offer would provide more funding to every district than this year and at least as much as the current formula would generate. She also highlighted two back-of-the-bill items: a Family Empowerment Scholarship Stabilization Enrollment Program to provide additional funding if enrollment projections create issues, and a provision allowing early learning coalitions to use unexpended school readiness funds in fiscal year 2025-26. Senator Burgess praised the offer and noted the House and Senate were working toward addressing concerns raised during session. A public commenter, a longtime teacher, thanked lawmakers for preserving funding for academically rigorous courses and urged future improvements in school funding and teacher pay. Representative Joseph asked how the additional supplemental funds would be allocated between district schools and other programs, and Persons-Mulica said that guidance would be included in a forthcoming conforming bill. With no further questions or public comment, the committee moved to adjourn, and the meeting ended with notice that it could reconvene on one hour’s notice.
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Task Force Jun 25th, 2026 at 09:00 am

Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Task Force

Transcript Highlights:
  • It focuses on diagnoses, counseling, medication management, and helping people stabilize during a period
  • And we found when we could stabilize housing, outcomes improved remarkably.
  • They have higher employment, less law enforcement interactions, greater housing stability, less EMS involvement
  • You don't want to jeopardize everyone's stability there.
Keywords: 959, house, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Education Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • The bill would also create a school budget stabilization fund where monies can be directed to help districts
  • They offer real solutions through both immediate stabilization and long-term reform.
  • They offer real solutions through both immediate stabilization and long-term reform.
  • They offer real solutions through both immediate stabilization and long-term reform.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Joint Committee on Education opened a hybrid public hearing on a large slate of bills related to school buildings, school finance, technology, data privacy, safety, and related education issues. Chairs Jason Lewis and Ken Gordon outlined procedures for the hearing, including two-minute testimony limits and the plan to group similar bills together. Several bills drew no testimony and were closed without further discussion, while others drew extensive testimony from legislators, school officials, parents, advocates, and educators. A major theme was school safety and student well-being. Lori Al-Hadeth testified in support of bills on alert systems in public schools, describing the loss of her daughter in the Parkland shooting and urging adoption of Alyssa’s Law-style panic alert technology. Representative Gallagher and disability advocates also supported a bill authorizing, but not requiring, airway clearance devices in schools, arguing they could save lives in choking emergencies and provide an option for people who cannot use the Heimlich maneuver. Another bill on reducing cafeteria waste drew support from a legislator and a Lexington sustainability official, who said installing dishwashers during construction would reduce waste and long-term costs. Much of the hearing focused on Chapter 70 school funding and the inflation cap. Senator Pavel Payano, Senator Sal DiDomenico, Representative Senna, and multiple local officials and school committee members from Bridgewater, Chelsea, Groton-Dunstable, and other districts argued that the 4.5% cap on inflation adjustments has left schools underfunded during years of high inflation, forcing layoffs, larger class sizes, and cuts to programs and student supports. They urged bills to eliminate the cap, restore lost funding, increase the Commonwealth’s share of the foundation budget, or create commissions to study reforms. Testimony also highlighted the impact on special education, English learners, and low-income students, with Chelsea witnesses saying the cap has cost their district about $7 million annually. School construction and MSBA reform were the other major topic. AIA Massachusetts, Boston Public Schools, Lynn officials, and AFT Massachusetts described aging facilities, overcrowding, deferred maintenance, and the difficulty of financing new schools under current reimbursement rules. Boston officials said the district has many pre-World War II buildings and has only built a handful of new schools in decades, while Lynn leaders said reimbursement rates have fallen well below the statutory 80% because of caps and ineligible costs. Witnesses urged modernization of the MSBA program, higher reimbursement rates, and more resources for school construction. The committee also heard support for a bill to study the adequacy and equity of the school building program, and chairs indicated some bills would be closed after no one signed up to testify.