Transcript Highlights:

• MOST OF THEM HAVE CODE ENFORCEMENT.
• LAST BUT NOT LEAST, BECAUSE I AM A MEMBER OF THE CODE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE FOR THE BUILDING OFFICIALS
• HOW DO WE MAKE THE CODE BETTER? REMEMBERING THAT THE CODE IS MINIMUM NOT MAXIMUM.
• WE'VE BEEN BUILDING CONDOS HERE FOR A PERIOD OF TIME AND THERE ARE MANY OLDER BUILDINGS AND THEY ARE
• IN JULY OF 2021, THE CRESTVIEW TOWERS IN NORTH MIAMI BEACH ALL OF A SUDDEN THE BUILDING THE BUILDING

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Alan Gonzalez, a reappointment to the Board of Trustees of Florida International University.
• Wett Engineering Building.
• I was a little bit astonished at the poor condition of the grounds and the buildings.
• The buildings were... They were shabby. The signage was dingy.
• The buildings were in some cases in disrepair. Elevators didn't work.

Bills: S1570, S1376

Keywords: missing persons, special needs, autism, search-and-rescue, Florida, voluntary program, funding, genetic counseling, education grants, state universities, faculty recruitment, student financial assistance

Summary: The committee heard and approved two bills before moving to a long confirmation agenda. SB 1570, by Sen. Gates, would restore Project Leo, a previously sunset program that helps locate missing persons with special needs through voluntary tracking devices and coordination between CARD centers and local sheriffs; it was praised as a proven tool for families and first responders and was reported favorably. CS/SB 1376, by Sen. Burgess, would create grants to support genetic counseling education and help address Florida’s shortage of genetic counselors; testimony noted the state’s limited supply of licensed counselors and the need to expand clinical training, and the bill also passed favorably. The committee then considered a block of reappointments to university and college boards of trustees, including institutions such as UWF, Broward College, Chipola College, FIU, Pasco-Hernando, Polk State, St. Petersburg, Valencia, FAMU, FAU, UCF, FSU, New College, UNF, USF, and others. No one requested separate votes on the reappointments, and the block was confirmed unanimously for recommendation to the next committee. A series of new appointees then appeared and largely emphasized workforce training, nursing, military support, and local economic development at their institutions. Witnesses included appointees to Pensacola State, Polk State, St. Petersburg College, UNF, FIU, UWF, Valencia, the College of the Florida Keys, and others; several highlighted strong NCLEX pass rates, dual enrollment, and partnerships with employers or military communities. One nominee, Florida Poly reappointment Ilya Shapiro, faced pointed questioning from Sen. Bracey Davis about past comments regarding race and the Supreme Court; he said his remarks were about hiring criteria, not a specific justice, and reiterated opposition to race- or sex-based selection. The committee also briefly struggled to reach Sherry Young by phone before hearing her testimony for Chipola College, where she said she wanted to give back as an alumna and nurse practitioner. Most new appointees were recommended for confirmation in a block, while Thomas Zachary Smith of UWF was pulled for separate consideration.

Transcript Highlights:

• ENSURES THAT THE BUILDING CODE IS CONSISTENT WITH INTERNATIONAL CODE AS IT RELATES TO IT.
• SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLE, PAYLOAD OR SPACECRAFT WITHIN A SPACEPORT TERRITORY FROM THE FLORIDA BUILDING CODE
• WE ARE EXEMPTING SPACE X FROM THE PROVISIONS OF THE FLORIDA BUILDING CODE? SENATOR GRALL.
• FROM THE BUILDING CODES? SENATOR GRALL.
• THIS ALIGNS FLORIDA BUILDING CODE WITH NATIONAL STANDARDS AND MAKES RULES PREDICTABLE FOR DEVELOPERS,

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Third change reconciles the difference between the Florida probate code and Florida trust code providing
• Rosen bought a 256-room Quality Inn on International Drive in 1973. Mr.
• But both buildings have been designated official Orlando historic landmarks, and the museum building
• The museum building is also on the National Register of Historic Places.
• By recognizing January 27th as International Holocaust Remembrance Day, we empower.

Summary: The Senate convened with a quorum present, opened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, and heard several member introductions and recognitions, including awareness resolutions and visiting groups in the galleries. The chamber then moved to special order bills. Senate Bill 88 on utility terrain vehicles passed 32-5 after debate over allowing local governments to opt in to street use of UTVs under safety restrictions; Senator Smith opposed it over safety concerns. Senate Bill 102 on exceptional student education passed 36-0, creating a workforce credential/badge program for students with autism or on modified curricula; supporters emphasized employment opportunities and safety training, while Senator Davis raised concerns about added costs to school districts. Senate Bill 106 on exploitation of vulnerable adults passed 37-0, allowing alternative service on scammers through the same apps used to contact victims. Senate Bill 130 on compensation for victims of wrongful incarceration passed 38-0, extending filing deadlines and removing restrictive barriers; supporters called it a long-overdue justice fix. Senate Bill 158 on diagnostic and supplemental breast examinations passed 38-0, eliminating cost sharing for follow-up breast tests in the state employee health plan to encourage early detection. The most contentious measure was Senate Bill 234 on criminal offenses against law enforcement officers. The bill sought to clarify that violent resistance to officers is not justified by claims about the legality of the detention and to add manslaughter of a law enforcement officer to offenses carrying life imprisonment without release. An amendment by Senator Jones to restore “in good faith” language failed, after debate centered on due process, racial profiling, and the role of juries and suppression motions. Several senators spoke in support of law enforcement but objected to the bill’s breadth and mandatory life penalty; Senator Leek ultimately postponed the bill temporarily rather than taking a final vote. Senate Bill 262 on trust code technical changes passed 36-0. Senate Bill 274 designating roads for Harris Rosen and Geraldine Thompson passed 38-0, followed by a successful co-sponsorship motion and remarks honoring Thompson’s legacy. Senate Bill 280 on candidate qualification passed 38-0, creating an enforcement mechanism for party-affiliation filing requirements. Senate Bill 296 on middle and high school start times passed 38-0, repealing the statewide start-time mandate and shifting implementation decisions to local districts while requiring public reporting and discussion. Senate Bill 356 designating January 27 as Holocaust Remembrance Day also passed unanimously, with senators emphasizing remembrance, anti-Semitism, and the educational value of the memorial and observance.

Transcript Highlights:

• And what I didn't include in the presentation is our special codes for NCLEX.
• special codes for NCLEX test takers.
• There are other opportunities for people to have special codes as test takers.
• Those are all considered special codes. ...equivalency examination.
• Those are all considered special codes.

Summary: The subcommittee met to examine Florida’s nursing education pipeline and the state’s persistently low NCLEX passage rates. Chair Tuck opened by noting the projected nurse shortage and Florida’s ranking near the bottom nationally for first-time NCLEX pass rates. The Department of Health explained the Board of Nursing’s approval process for nursing programs, including application requirements, probation standards, and termination for programs that repeatedly fail passage-rate benchmarks. The Florida Center for Nursing then presented statewide data showing Florida has more test takers than most states, but still trails the national average; the gap has narrowed in recent years, though Florida remains below average. Members focused heavily on why the state continues to underperform, with discussion of faculty shortages, clinical placement constraints, accreditation, student preparedness, and the large share of newer private for-profit programs among those placed on probation. Committee members asked about how probation works, what happens when programs improve, and whether the board requires corrective plans. They also questioned the relationship between program type and outcomes, the effect of Operation Nightingale, and how many students fail and retest. The Florida Center for Nursing said first-attempt pass rates are the standard measure and that students who fail are expected to remediate and retest, though costs vary. The center also said Florida’s data shows accredited programs outperform approved or probationary ones, and that the state’s nursing workforce challenges are tied to broader issues such as faculty vacancies, clinical site competition, and student demographics, including many students balancing work, family, and language barriers. A panel of nursing school leaders from public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit institutions then described strategies used to improve outcomes. These included transparent recruitment, early orientation, tutoring, success coaching, stronger faculty development, curriculum mapping to NCLEX standards, higher course benchmarks, mandatory remediation, simulation labs, and commercial NCLEX prep tools such as ATI, Kaplan, and HESI. Several panelists said their programs had improved after probation or had very high passage rates, and they emphasized that student success depends on academic preparation, clinical experience, and support services. Members also asked about tuition, program length, translation into other languages, and faculty recruitment; panelists said costs vary widely, faculty hiring is difficult because hospitals pay more, and some schools are considering medical Spanish and immersion options rather than full curriculum translation.

Transcript Highlights:

• THERE ANY QUESTIONS, SEEING NO QUESTIONS WE WILL GO TO THE STRIKE ALL, LET'S TAKE UP AMENDMENT BAR CODE
• SOURCE OF REVENUE AND IF THE SOURCE OF REVENUE WAS NOT INTERNAL I CHALLENGE SOMEHOW YOU COULDN'T PLAN
• IT UPDATES FLORIDA'S CORPORATE INCOME TAX BY ADOPTING THE FEDERAL INTERNAL REVENUE CODE EFFECTIVE JANUARY
• AS A PREVIOUS SPEAKER EXPLAIN PASSING COMBINED REPORTING TO GENERATE 2.4 BUILDING DOLLARS IN REVENUE
• THE LEGISLATURE HAS MADE IT HARDER TO QUALIFY FOR BENEFITS, REFUSED EXPAND MEDICAID AND BUILD TO FIX

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• We have worked with the AMA and ASCO on coding and payment improvements.
• Currently, there aren’t even proper billing codes or protocols for treatment.
• During the surgery, I almost died as I had internal bleeding.
• There are no current diagnostic codes specific to detransition.
• I have heard that doctors can use workarounds with billing codes, but this is not...

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The committee heard testimony on a wide range of health insurance and public health bills, with most speakers focused on expanding coverage for specific treatments and services. Bills discussed included H. 1187/S. 792 on rehabilitation counselors, H. 1173/S. 692 on patient navigation, S. 2600 on scalp cooling for chemotherapy patients, S. 2599 on medically necessary treatment for port wine birthmarks, H. 1164 on licensed educational psychologists for child and adolescent mental health services, S. 754/H. 1254 on autism diagnosis and treatment by nurse practitioners and psychiatric nurse mental health clinical specialists, S. 714/H. 1137 on infectious disease response and coverage, and S. 791 on making nature a prescriptive therapeutic intervention. Speakers generally argued these bills would improve access, reduce out-of-pocket costs, and address gaps in current insurance reimbursement rules. Testimony in support emphasized personal stories and clinical evidence. Cancer patients and providers described the benefits of patient navigation and scalp cooling for dignity and quality of life during treatment. Boston Children’s Hospital staff and families said port wine birthmark treatment is medically necessary, can prevent complications, and should not be denied as cosmetic. Rehabilitation counselors and school psychologists argued their services are effective, cost-saving, and underused because they cannot bill insurance. Autism advocates said current insurance statutes are outdated because nurse practitioners and psychiatric nurse mental health clinical specialists already provide evaluations and should be recognized for reimbursement to avoid delays in early intervention. Public health and GLAD Law testimony supported stronger infectious disease coverage to remove barriers to testing, treatment, and PrEP access. The hearing also included extensive testimony on H. 1172, a bill requiring insurance coverage for detransition-related care. Supporters said it would ensure coverage for medically necessary care for people who regret or reverse gender transition, while opponents argued it would legitimize anti-trans narratives or, conversely, that detransition care is needed because transition procedures can cause harm. The committee also heard strong support for S. 791 from advocates who described nature access as a health intervention that could help with trauma, anxiety, substance use recovery, and environmental justice, with claims that insurance coverage and reduced park fees would improve access. No votes were taken during the transcript, and the chair repeatedly thanked speakers and moved through the long list of public testimony.

Transcript Highlights:

• You can also send it by postal mail to 24 Beacon Street, Room 167 in Boston, ZIP code 02133.
• A decision that helped build a $115 million fishery today.
• My name is Drew McCormick with Animal Defenders International, ADI.
• In her final years, her condition deteriorated further, leading to internal bleeding.
• That gets us one-third of the way to international 30 by 30 goals.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The committee hearing covered a wide range of animal, wildlife, hunting, and environmental bills. Early testimony focused on deer management, with Rep. Markey urging creation of a deer commission to address crop damage, vehicle collisions, and Lyme disease, and Sen. Durant supporting bills to allow Sunday bow hunting, expand crossbow use, and reduce the 500-foot dwelling restriction for archery hunting. Supporters framed these measures as practical wildlife-management tools, while questions centered on how they would differ from existing Fish and Wildlife authority and whether they would allow hunting closer to residences. Later, Rep. Sena also spoke in support of a bill to increase protected wildlife management areas and another to require non-lead ammunition, arguing both would benefit biodiversity and reduce environmental harm. A substantial portion of the hearing addressed animal welfare and commerce. Multiple witnesses supported bills to ban or phase out the retail sale of dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs in pet shops, arguing that pet stores rely on puppy mills and obscure the source of animals, while opponents said the bills would hurt responsible breeders, small businesses, and consumer choice. The committee also heard strong testimony for bills to ban the sale of cats and dogs in pet shops, with supporters citing sick animals, consumer deception, and the need to cut off the puppy mill supply chain. In a separate animal-testing segment, witnesses backed bills requiring non-animal testing methods for cosmetics and household products, saying alternatives are more accurate and humane; biomedical research representatives opposed those bills and a related research-animal measure, warning of unintended restrictions on research institutions and arguing animal models remain necessary for many studies. The committee also heard testimony on horseshoe crab conservation, with supporters of H. 898 urging an end to taking horseshoe crabs for bait because of population declines, shorebird impacts, and the species’ importance to biomedical science. On wildlife trafficking, witnesses backed bills to ban intrastate sales of ivory and rhino horn, saying Massachusetts should close loopholes that aid poaching and align with federal law and other states; one antique dealer testified in support, saying he avoids such items and still sees them in the marketplace. Additional testimony supported bans on fur products from factory farms and on force-feeding birds for foie gras, with advocates emphasizing cruelty, public health, and environmental concerns. The hearing was lengthy and heavily attended, with the chairs repeatedly limiting testimony to three minutes and inviting written submissions; no committee votes or final actions were taken during the transcript excerpt.

Transcript Highlights:

• <04:20:42.640> code going to meet all the building code going to meet all the building code
• code, the building code, with the fire code, the building code, and<04:25:54.399> our<04:25:54.640
• have international residential code, we have international residential code, we have separate<04
• <04:30:58.080> create building code review board to create building code review board to create
• <04:31:29.600> and building code uh building materials and building code uh building materials

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Union Calendar No. 484, H.R. 7084, a bill to amend Title 46, United States Code, with respect to the
• A bill to amend Title 46, United States Code, with respect to the types of vessels that may enter or
• Instead, we are interjecting Congress into an international land dispute.
• Now, I I international land dispute.
• mechanisms exist to solve international mechanisms exist to solve international disputes,<00:48:

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Friday, March 27, 2026, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:04:13.280> or but it should not be up to zip code or but it should not be up to zip code
• campus buildings. campus buildings.
• is<01:02:29.120> an international student enrollment is an international student enrollment
• . buildings.
• <01:14:34.640> to faculty, and staff from one building to faculty, and staff from one building

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I think Barry Taven will build answer questions.
• code a little bit too.
• code a little bit too.
• Did they build it to code? Now you're starting to get into the guts of the security controls.
• Did they build it to code? Now you're starting to get into the guts of the security controls.

Keywords: 908, all

Transcript Highlights:

• and Christine Watanabe and my UH intern and Christine Watanabe and my UH intern Akamu<00:19:31.720
• violations of the procurement code. violations of the procurement code.
• The procurement code, chapter 103D, is our procurement code.
• The<03:34:14.080> procurement<03:34:14.680> code The procurement code The procurement code
• . code. code.

Keywords: 910, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• On top of that, we're also the state's International Commerce Agency.
• in and see what they would build.
• I think that builds confidence.
• And so we do have a good culture committee internally that's working through that.
• And then that individuals also learning from the person who's actually coding.

Transcript Highlights:

• Buildings. We are now operating on five floors in one building.
• I can't remember exactly what the—we have internal SLAs, and we track all this internally, but there
• and the relevant government code.
• , and instead there's only 150 kids or 200 kids in that school building.
• own internal audit, and building out the rest of the accounting and the like.

Bills: SB1, SB 1

Keywords: appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, campground safety, youth camp regulations, flood safety, emergency evacuation, health and safety standards, 1185, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And we will not let it be stripped from us community by community, nor zip code by zip code.
• And we will not let it be stripped from us community by community, nor zip code by zip code.
• And we will not let it be stripped from us community by community, nor zip code by zip code.
• And we will not let it be stripped from us community by community, nor zip code by zip code.
• And we will not let it be stripped from us community by community, nor zip code by zip code.

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Tuesday, May 12, 2026, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• California, SEIU, as well as the state building trades. Thank you.
• AB 1790 is an assault on long-standing international tax norms.
• In the past, this type of policy led to international disputes with states.
• We're open to other ideas as to how we can smooth over international relations.
• AB 2705 mirrors the State Controller's unclaimed property framework under the Civil Code and Code of

Summary: The Assembly Committee on Revenue and Taxation heard several bills dealing with tax policy, local revenue authority, consumer protections, and incentives for development. AB 1726 would create catastrophe savings accounts for homeowners to save pre-tax dollars for disaster mitigation and recovery costs; it drew support from the Department of Insurance and the California Bankers Association, while the California Teachers Association opposed it because of the General Fund and Prop. 98 impact. The bill was referred to suspense. AB 1768 would authorize Los Angeles and Contra Costa counties to ask voters to approve local transaction and use taxes to offset projected federal funding cuts affecting health care and safety-net services; it received broad support from health providers and county representatives, opposition from one member and a resident, and passed the committee 5-2 to the Assembly Local Government Committee. The committee also considered AB 1790, which would repeal the Waters Edge corporate tax election and require worldwide combined reporting for multinational corporations. The author and supporters argued it would close a loophole, raise several billion dollars annually, and help fund schools, Medi-Cal, and other programs; opponents warned of double taxation, compliance burdens, retaliation from foreign governments, and job losses. After extensive testimony and member debate, the bill was referred to suspense. AB 2020 would provide a full property tax exemption for the primary residence of 100% disabled veterans and surviving spouses, and AB 2069 would create a targeted sales and use tax exemption to spur development projects at fairgrounds; both measures had support from sponsors and related organizations, no opposition, and were referred to suspense. Finally, AB 2705 would regulate third-party “asset finders” who help claim excess proceeds from tax sales by requiring written agreements, disclosure that claims can be filed free with the county, and a cap on fees at 10%. County officials and local government groups supported the bill as a consumer protection measure, while recovery companies and related firms opposed it, arguing the work is complex and the cap would reduce access to services. The committee moved AB 2705 to the Assembly floor on a 4-0 vote.

Transcript Highlights:

• Third change reconciles the difference between the Florida probate code and Florida trust code providing
• Rosen bought a 256-room Quality Inn on International Drive in 1973. Mr.
• But both buildings have been designated official Orlando historic landmarks, and the museum building
• The museum building is also on the National Register of Historic Places.
• But both buildings have been designated official Orlando historic landmarks, and the museum building

Summary: The Senate convened with a quorum present, opened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, and included several member introductions and recognitions, including awareness resolutions and visiting groups in the galleries. The chamber then moved to a special order calendar and took up a series of bills, with most receiving unanimous or near-unanimous support. Early measures included SB 88 on utility terrain vehicles, which would allow local governments to designate certain roads for UTV use under safety restrictions; it passed 32-5 after debate over safety concerns. SB 102 on exceptional student education would create a workforce credential and badge program for students with autism spectrum disorder or modified curricula, and passed 36-0 after discussion of workforce access and district costs. SB 106 on exploitation of vulnerable adults would allow alternative service of process through the same app used by scammers, and passed 37-0. SB 130 on compensation for victims of wrongful incarceration would extend filing deadlines and remove restrictive bars to compensation, and passed 38-0. SB 158 would eliminate cost sharing for diagnostic and supplemental breast exams under the state employee health plan, and passed 38-0 after testimony about early detection and access to follow-up care. The most extensive debate came on SB 234, which would revise laws on resisting law enforcement and add a mandatory life sentence for manslaughter of a law enforcement officer. Supporters argued it was needed after the killing of Officer Jason Raynor and to clarify that violent resistance to officers is not justified; opponents raised concerns about removing “good faith” language, potential impacts on Fourth Amendment issues, racial profiling, and the severity of the mandatory sentence. An amendment to restore “in good faith” failed, and after further debate the sponsor temporarily postponed the bill. The Senate then passed SB 262 on technical trust-code changes by a 36-0 vote, and later recognized Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity members in the gallery. Additional bills passed with broad support. SB 274 designated portions of Orlando roadways as Harris Rosen Way and Geraldine Thompson Way, honoring philanthropist Harris Rosen and the late Senator Geraldine Thompson; it passed 38-0 and drew a motion for co-sponsorship. SB 280 created an enforcement mechanism for candidate party-affiliation qualification requirements and passed 38-0. SB 296 repealed the statewide mandate for later middle and high school start times and shifted the issue to local districts after reporting requirements, passing 38-0. SB 356 designated January 27 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day in Florida and passed after remarks about the Holocaust memorial and the need to confront antisemitism. Throughout the session, senators frequently framed their votes in terms of public safety, education, access to care, civil justice, and commemorating community leaders and historical events.

Transcript Highlights:

• No inherent or explicit authority in the code to transfer from one location to another.
• It could be two separate buildings that are across an alleyway.
• And nuisance codes in municipalities and other jurisdictions.
• Chapter 1952 of the occupation code states a person may be registered as a code enforcement officer,
• Gerdes building down point of order and full over an over losing the L.

Transcript Highlights:

• takes to build that hospital in Orange or Leon or Duval.
• Your Florida Building Code is one of the strongest building codes in the nation.
• Bowen was explaining about, you know, stacking like building codes where we have a building code at the
• Bowen was explaining about, you know, stacking like building codes where we have a building code at the
• state level. you know, stacking like building codes where we have a building code at the state level

Summary: The Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held its first meeting of the 2025 session and focused on an overview of county and municipal home rule powers and state preemption. After roll call and member introductions, Chair Alex Rizzo and Vice Chair Griff Griffiths explained the constitutional and statutory basis for local self-government, the distinction between charter and non-charter counties, and how express and implied preemption limit local authority. Griffiths emphasized that home rule gives local governments broad power to address community needs, but the Legislature can override that authority through clear preemption, with courts ultimately deciding disputes. Representatives Holcomb and LaMarca added that local issues should generally be addressed locally first, but statewide standards can be appropriate when uniformity is needed or local action is ineffective. The committee then heard from a panel representing counties, cities, business, and construction interests: Ginger Delegal of the Florida Association of Counties, Carolyn Johnson of the Florida Chamber of Commerce, Rebecca O'Hara of the Florida League of Cities, and Carol Bowen of Associated Builders and Contractors of Florida. Delegal and O'Hara argued that home rule is rooted in local autonomy, policy experimentation, and accountability to voters, and warned against broad or “vacuum” preemptions that remove local authority without replacing it with state regulation. Johnson and Bowen supported preemption when local rules create a patchwork that hurts statewide competitiveness, raises costs, or complicates business operations, citing examples such as labor rules, heat safety, permitting, and procurement preferences. The panel also discussed the 2023 local ordinances law, which requires business impact estimates and provides attorney’s fees in certain challenges, as a mechanism to resolve disputes locally before resorting to preemption. Members questioned the panel about the 2024 heat-safety preemption and how to protect workers in the absence of local ordinances. Business representatives said existing OSHA duties and industry best practices already require employers to provide safe conditions, while local governments and the state should avoid inconsistent standards across jurisdictions. Another discussion centered on construction permitting, licensing, and local boards that may slow projects and increase costs; Bowen suggested eliminating redundant local fees and barriers while preserving statewide licensing and enforcement against bad actors. No votes were taken, and the meeting remained informational, with the chair inviting continued discussion on when preemption is appropriate versus when local governments should retain authority.