Transcript Highlights:

• projected balance in both biennia is due to a slightly improved national economic outlook, which drives
• Higher wages and more people in the workforce traditionally drive increases in revenue to individual
• the workforce traditionally drive the workforce traditionally drive increases<00:02:50.400> in
• Let me walk you through the table to give a better sense of what's driving that change.
• that how that data will ultimately drive that how that data will ultimately drive revenues<00:36

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• So, consistently every year... drive transport over two counties now to drive transport over two counties
• The expenses that are driving this increase include payroll. That was a 38% increase.
• The expenses that are driving this increase include payroll. That was a 38% increase.
• The expenses that are driving this increase include payroll. That was a 38% increase.
• The expenses that are driving this increase include payroll. That was a 38% increase.

Keywords: Meeting Start: 00:00:07 Roll Call 00:00:13 Approval of Minutes from August Meeting 00:01:55 Discussion of County Jails 00:03:31 Discussion of Centralized Collection of Net Profits and Occupational License Taxes 01:02:12 Adjournment 01:54:56, 958, all

Summary: The committee met with a quorum, approved the August 26 minutes, and then took up a discussion of county jail funding. KACO representatives and county officials said jail operations are an ongoing strain for counties because they must pay for inmate care, facilities, and mandated standards, while many counties also rely on jail revenue to offset costs. They described Kentucky’s jail system, including 77 jails, 43 closed counties without jails, and the mix of county, state, federal, and controlled-intake inmates. KACO emphasized that counties remain financially responsible for inmates even when they must contract with other jails, often at costs above the state’s per diem rate, and said it is developing a broader proposal to present later. The testimony focused on rising expenses and shrinking revenue. KACO said counties spent about $374 million on jail operations in FY24, up 24% from FY19, and about $41 million on jail medical costs, up 40%. General fund support for jails was said to total $147 million in FY24, more than double pre-COVID levels. Speakers also noted that state inmate populations in county jails have fallen from about 11,500 in 2019 to 7,212 in 2025, while federal inmates have increased because they are more lucrative for counties. The state jail per diem of $35.34 was described as insufficient to cover actual costs, especially medical care. County judges from Webster, Knox, and Hardin counties gave examples of local budget pressure. Webster County said it now houses 114 state prisoners, 47 county prisoners, and 24 out-of-county prisoners, and that it transferred $512,000 from its general fund to the jail last year, about $77 per taxpayer. Knox County said its jail budget has grown from an initial $2.8 million projection to $5.7 million, with $3 million coming from occupational tax revenue. Hardin County said its jail has an approximate $11 million expense budget against $5 million in revenue, creating a $6 million deficit, driven by higher payroll, medical, and insurance costs and a 29% drop in state prisoner revenue. The judge said the county has responded with property tax increases and an expanded occupational tax district, but still uses reserves to cover other county services. A Grant County magistrate then began speaking from the perspective of magistrates and commissioners, describing her background working at a local jail before serving in county government. The discussion remained centered on the fiscal burden of jails and the need for counties and the legislature to work together on a long-term solution.

Transcript Highlights:

• to Lexington or or another drive to Lexington or or another surrounding<00:23:28.640> county<
• <00:57:27.680> up<00:57:27.839> the or 60 foot frontages, drives up the or 60 foot
• frontages, drives up the cost.
• If you've had a chance to visit there and drive around some of the urban neighborhoods of Nashville,
• <00:59:38.400> around chance to visit there and drive around chance to visit there and drive

Keywords: Meeting Start 00:00:07 Roll Call 00:00:14 Discussion of Pro-Growth Housing Policies 00:02:01 Discussion of Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit 01:11:13 Adjournment 01:40:27, 958, all

Summary: The Kentucky Housing Task Force met and heard first from the Kentucky Chamber of Commerce, which presented findings from a housing study done with the Home Builders Association. The chamber said housing is now a major economic-development issue, citing survey results that 90% of community leaders said their region could not absorb a major job announcement and 66% said housing is holding back Kentucky’s economy. The chamber described Kentucky’s housing shortage, rising home prices, declining permits since 2008, and the need for more production to support growth. It urged policy changes including zoning and land-use reform, tax incentives, regional approaches, and especially a residential infrastructure fund modeled on Indiana’s low-interest loan program to help communities finance roads and other infrastructure needed for new housing. Members asked about the severity of the problem, workforce shortages in permitting and construction, the loan interest rate, repayment, and whether Kentucky could replicate Indiana’s results; the witness said the issue is a crisis and that the program would be a revolving public-private partnership, likely around 3% interest, with implementation details still to be worked out. The Kentucky Bankers Association then testified that the housing gap is especially acute for households at 80% of area median income and below, which it said represents about 70% of Kentucky’s housing need. It emphasized that the shortage affects both urban and rural counties and pointed to examples such as Rowan County, where workers at major employers must commute long distances because local housing is unavailable or unaffordable. The bankers said high interest rates remain a major barrier and proposed a $20 million bank commitment for a revolving fund tied to tax credits to finance new housing, not refinances. They cited Hope of the Midwest as an example of a successful tax-credit housing model with a long track record and no defaults, and said the proposal would leverage public-private partnerships to create new units. Committee members questioned how the proposed fund would compare with industrial revenue bonds and whether it could be structured like Kentucky’s tobacco settlement fund, with seed money, a review board, scoring criteria, and possible population thresholds to ensure smaller communities benefit. The bankers said the proposal would be another tool for cities and counties, specifically tied to residential infrastructure, and that larger cities should not be able to capture all of the resources. No formal votes or actions were taken during this portion of the meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:54:16.800> this Quality of care versus driving this Quality of care versus driving this
• Many of those are driving 45 minutes to an hour. And why?
• Many of those are driving 45 minutes to an hour. And why?
• And are driving 45 minutes to an hour. And why?
• that's 2,500 times that people drive that's 2,500 times that people drive into<01:30:06.239>

Bills: HF2436

Keywords: child welfare, economic assistance, child care, grant program, video security cameras, 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:24:41.120> new restoring faculty strength driving new restoring faculty strength driving
• Do we have to get people to drive potentially hundreds of miles just to get their port flushed?
• Do we have to get people to drive potentially hundreds of miles just to get their port flushed?
• purposes of driving economic development of<01:19:42.960> with<01:19:43.320> using<01:
• With the research request, we really do see opportunities to drive economic growth in the state.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• In this world, AI has leveraged primarily to drive down wages and displace workers in the service of
• ai's of innovation that can help drive ai's use<00:26:19.320> in<00:26:19.520> Minnesota
• initial displacement does not drive initial displacement does not drive rapid<00:26:48.240> amounts
• Imagine a computer where their only driving force, or their only driving motive, is increasing profit
• <00:28:44.960> force computer where their only driving force computer where their only driving

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• , Over time, millions of people driving, Over time, millions of people driving, biking,<00:25:24.720
• <02:29:09.760> during our lights on when driving during our lights on when driving during
• by a limited segment of the driving by a limited segment of the driving population<02:34:22.080>
• Let's refocus<02:37:58.080> on<02:37:58.399> driving refocus on driving refocus on driving
• Drive<02:39:50.720> safe<02:39:51.120> and Drive safe and Drive safe and sober.<02:39:54.160

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Now, in summary, you know, it declares legislative findings that extreme weather is driving homeowners
• He said there has never been a good market drive for this.
• And the people who drive the vehicles, they're... ...people who drive the vehicles, they're going to
• Between an electric vehicle and an ICE vehicle, it's just the emissions while you're driving.
• And I'm finding now that every time I drive past one of these places, I'm having to unfortunately put

Keywords: 981, all

Transcript Highlights:

• We call it Arboritum Drive by the fuel farm, as you come into the back way to Pease.
• I drive Route 4 every day; it's an hour from Pease.
• Um, I've just recently been in both Maine, driving in both Maine and Massachusetts.
• I drive through the York toll. I have a New Hampshire Easy Pass. I pay four bucks.
• I drive through the York experience.

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The work session focused first on SP 492, a bill intended to give the New Hampshire Department of Military Affairs and Veterans Services authority to lease or license property for housing and related uses. Major General David Mikolitis testified that the bill is aimed at addressing affordable housing for junior enlisted service members, especially those assigned to Pease Air National Guard Base who currently face long commutes because of the Seacoast housing shortage. He said the most likely uses would be converting limited barracks space in Pembroke or Stratford into apartment-style or extended-stay housing, and possibly allowing office/co-op space for federal civilians, though he emphasized the primary purpose is housing for junior ranks. He also said any development would likely be done by a private developer through an RFP, with costs borne by the developer rather than the department. Committee members asked about whether the bill could apply to commercial uses, how taxes would work, whether revenues would go into the general fund, and whether the concept could be expanded statewide. Mikolitis said the intent was housing only, not commercial development like a Starbucks, and that any developed property would be taxable locally rather than remain tax-exempt. He said revenues would go into a dedicated Veteran Services Property Fund and be used for facilities, not the general fund. He also explained that the department has about 20 armories statewide but sees only a few viable locations for this concept, mainly Pembroke, Stratford, and possibly one other site, because the goal is to serve personnel within roughly a 45-minute drive of Pease. He noted that a proposed seven-acre parcel near Pease had already been approved by the Pease Development Authority but still needed FAA approval, and he was not optimistic about using that land for housing because of contamination and redevelopment costs. Committee discussion ended with members indicating support for OTP, but the chair said the vote would have to wait until 11 o'clock and then closed the work session on SP 492. The committee then opened a work session on SP 627 and heard testimony from Jim Jelbert, owner of CJ Bus Lines and chair of the legislature’s transportation council, who spoke in support of the bill. Jelbert argued that the measure would allow New Hampshire to raise tolls and generate significant revenue for the 10-year highway plan without directly taxing citizens, and said the money could address congestion and safety problems, including work on I-93 in Manchester and other statewide projects. He estimated the bill could generate substantial revenue over time and said toll credits could help leverage federal matching funds. He also said improved roads would benefit businesses like his by reducing vehicle wear and improving efficiency. The transcript cuts off before any committee action on SP 627 is recorded.

Transcript Highlights:

• I have to drive 40 miles to take the test.
• By the time I drive there, take the test, and drive back home. So I urge full support of 017.
• there, take the test, and time I drive there, take the test, and and<01:22:07.040> drive<01:22
• <01:22:07.840> So and drive back home. So and drive back home.
• Some of them have to drive a long ways to get it.

Keywords: 981, all

Summary: The Senate convened, established a quorum, approved the March 16, 2026 journal, and received a series of committee and House messages. Committee reports included favorable action on House Bill 1136, confirmation recommendations for several appointments, and referrals of Senate Bill 68 and House Bill 1009 to Appropriations, House Bill 1185 to the Committee of the Whole, and a Juvenile Parole Board appointment to the consent calendar. The chamber also received notice of multiple House bills and amended Senate bills returned from the House and revisor. A major portion of the meeting was devoted to a tribute memorializing the Fort Logan All Veterans Honor Guard, with senators and guests speaking about the group’s volunteer service and the significance of military funeral honors. The Senate adopted Senate Joint Memorial 003 honoring former Senator Mary Ann Tebedo/Thibodeau, with a roll call vote of 32-0 and a moment of silence afterward. The chamber also laid over Senate Resolution 005 on Single Parent Day and House Joint Resolution 1023 on Latino/Latina Advocacy Day. On third reading and final passage, the Senate passed House Bill 1042 on dry needling by occupational therapists and Senate Bill 126 on out-of-state teacher licensure by unanimous votes, House Bill 1103 on legal processes for certain vulnerable populations by a 34-0 vote, and House Bill 1017 on insurer restitution through the criminal restitution process by a 22-12 vote. House Bill 1038 on county commissioner redistricting and Senate Bill 66 on compounded weight loss medications were laid over. The Senate also granted leave for the Joint Budget Committee to meet while the Senate was in session. In Committee of the Whole, members considered a consent calendar including House Bill 1142, Senate Bill 60 on youth athlete mental health training, Senate Bill 35 on traffic violation penalties, House Bill 1031 on protection for Colorado agricultural products, and Senate Bill 105 on county executive officers’ disclosures and removal mechanisms. The committee adopted the reports and advanced Senate Bill 60, Senate Bill 35, and Senate Bill 105 as amended, and House Bill 1142 and House Bill 1031 on second reading. The chamber then took up Senate Bill 62 on rodent control products, where sponsors described the bill as narrowing restrictions on second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides to protect children, pets, wildlife, and ecosystems while preserving agricultural and pest-control uses; the committee report was adopted and discussion continued on the bill.

Transcript Highlights:

• smaller businesses that will drive smaller businesses that will drive innovation<00:58:32.640>
• Even medicinal doses as far as 1,500 milligrams have been shown safe to drive.
• Even medicinal doses as far as 1,500 milligrams have been shown safe to drive.
• Even medicinal doses as far as 1,500 milligrams have been shown safe to drive.
• Even medicinal doses as far as 1,500 milligrams have been shown safe to drive.

Bills: HF1545, HF2426, HF1615, HF2403

Keywords: medical cannabis, cultivation, cannabinoid products, plant canopy, Minnesota statutes, cannabis, hemp, lower-potency, edibles, regulations, licensing, local control, consumer safety, age restrictions, commerce policy, financial institutions, insurance regulation, limited long-term care insurance, Medicare supplement, health insurance

Transcript Highlights:

• in partnership with public and private stakeholders to create a downtown investment strategy that drives
• <00:31:18.799> density<00:31:19.279> vitality<00:31:19.840> and that drives
• density vitality and that drives density vitality and desirability<00:31:20.840> in<00:31:21.039
• Some of these things are bad policies driving the people away.
• the people away so I would be um driving the people away so I would be um I<00:47:20.640> get

Bills: HF1277, HF812, HF457, HF633

Keywords: data centers, tax exemption, Minnesota statutes, economic development, employment growth, income tax, tax brackets, tax adjustments, Minnesota, tax policy, underutilized buildings, adaptive reuse, building conversion, historic preservation, downtown revitalization, vacant property, vacancy reduction, refundable tax credit, income tax credit, grant in lieu of credit

Transcript Highlights:

• County levies a little bit to drive County levies a little bit higher<00:13:44.000> During<00
• But when we're talking about property tax implications, these systems are driving some of those very,
• some of those these systems are driving some of those very very very costs<00:35:26.400> and<
• <00:57:36.119> businesses um idea that we're driving businesses um idea that we're driving
• And those are the types of people that we rely on to help drive our policies here.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• It's going to help drive heritage tourists and others out to our other locations.
• I know it's driving most costs of everybody's plan. What do you see?
• So we just need competition so that we'll drive down the cost.
• Everything that we support as an organization drives economic vitality.
• Art drives the economic development. Thank you for your time.

Bills: SB1, SB 1

Keywords: appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, campground safety, youth camp regulations, flood safety, emergency evacuation, health and safety standards, 1185, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• There's nothing like driving down it.
• That's a 20-minute drive on a clear night.
• And if he didn't have a deputy to drive it, he was going to drive it himself.
• She's able to drive it.
• She's able to drive it.

Summary: The joint Senate and House disaster preparedness hearing convened in Kerrville with quorum, public testimony limited to three minutes and invited testimony to 10 minutes. Leaders from both chambers, along with the lieutenant governor and speaker, framed the hearing as an unprecedented joint effort focused on learning from the July 4 flood, honoring victims, and identifying actions to reduce future loss of life. The committee also heard opening remarks about decorum, logistics, and the intent to continue work in future sessions. The first panel included Kerr County Judge Rob Kelly, Sheriff Larry Leitha, Emergency Management Coordinator William B. Thomas IV, Kerrville Mayor Joe Herring Jr., Kerrville City Manager Dalton Rice, Upper Guadalupe River Authority representative William Rector, Kendall County Judge Shane Stolarczyk, and Real County Judge Bella Rubio. They described the flood as sudden and catastrophic, with Kerr County reporting 108 deaths and two missing. Local officials emphasized that they received no timely warning of the scale of the event, that responders and volunteers acted heroically under extreme conditions, and that communications, cell coverage, and rural emergency resources were strained. Several witnesses said the county’s existing alert systems were limited by geography, sparse broadband, and the speed of the flood. Testimony focused on possible improvements, including real-time flood gauges and predictive monitoring, stronger rural emergency management staffing and training, better interoperability and alerting tools such as IPAWS, CodeRED, WENS, and sirens, and expanded broadband and radio coverage. Kerrville asked for a flood warning system before next summer and state help for stormwater, floodplain, and disaster recovery funding. UGRA described its past and current flood-warning and mitigation efforts, including gauge funding, a new software-based flood prediction project, and consideration of additional retention dams. Kendall and Real counties highlighted successful or needed alerting and evacuation practices, while also stressing the difficulty of funding and maintaining such systems in small rural counties. Members asked detailed questions about the timeline of the flood response, low-water crossings, communications failures, sirens, bridges, and whether regional consolidation or additional infrastructure could improve future preparedness.

Transcript Highlights:

• And as you can see, it’s driving us toward some very key outcomes.
• This is what's driving our work as an institution.
• What's kind of driving that? That's a great question.
• What's kind of driving that? That's a great question.
• Because we were able to test drive them.

Keywords: 908, all

Summary: The committee first reviewed the 2024-25 tuition waiver report for the North Dakota University System. Staff explained that waivers were reported for degree-seeking students and broken out by residency, institution, and waiver type. Members asked about partial versus full waivers, institutional discretion, athletic waivers, and whether campuses have published guardrails or transparency requirements. Staff said most waivers are set by institutions, with some statutory and board-required categories, and that athletic waivers are a small share of total waiver dollars. The report showed total gross tuition of $354.5 million, tuition waived of $38.9 million, and 11,193 of 42,040 students receiving some waiver. Members also discussed how waivers affect net tuition revenue, housing and food collections, and whether campuses are using waivers strategically compared with scholarships and other funding sources. The committee then heard a presentation on tuition rates by campus and State Board policy. Staff explained the board’s tuition factors for resident, Minnesota reciprocity, contiguous-state/U.S. nonresident, and international students, and noted that campuses often seek exceptions based on program-specific competition and enrollment goals. Members asked whether rates are based on cost or competition, and staff said campuses typically bring forward estimates and market comparisons when requesting special rates. The presentation also reviewed general fund appropriations versus net tuition revenue by campus, and members discussed how local tuition decisions and waivers do not directly affect the state funding formula, though they do affect institutional revenue and reserves. Questions were also raised about the Higher Learning Commission’s financial composite indicator and how it differs from the more intuitive reserve and revenue figures. The committee next received a broad overview of non-higher-education entities affiliated with the State Board of Higher Education, beginning with NDSU agriculture-related units. Dr. Greg Lardy described the State Board of Agricultural Research and Education, the NDSU Extension Service, the Agricultural Experiment Station, and the branch research centers, emphasizing their statewide role in crop and livestock research, extension education, and county-based outreach. He outlined funding mixes for extension, the experiment station, and branch stations, noting that grants and contracts support both research and education, while the agronomy seed farm is self-funded through seed sales. Members asked about the new and vacant FTE pool, R1 research status, matching requirements for grants, and whether state appropriations count toward research expenditures. Dr. Lardy also highlighted major research impacts, including crop varieties, virtual fencing, AI-assisted weed control, and NDAWN weather data. The Northern Crops Institute and the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute also presented. NCI described its role in market development, technical services, and education for regional agriculture, its governance through the Northern Crops Council, and its funding from state appropriations, other states, and earned revenue. Members asked about the source of out-of-state funding, intellectual property, and the institute’s international reach. UGPTI then outlined its transportation research, federal and state funding structure, and work on road and bridge condition assessments, travel demand modeling, and workforce training. No votes were taken during the portion of the meeting reflected in the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• I just love the drive from Gallup over here. My name is Martin Zamora.
• So if you get a chance, you can drive back into the area.
• We used to drive on the left side because This side is so bad we have to drive on the left side.
• This kind of drives away Natives that lack English.
• It's driving up the costs of building schools in this area also.

Transcript Highlights:

• performance-based metrics that do drive performance-based metrics that do drive the<02:05:40.400
• And if nothing else drives me nuts, it's just drifting along.
• And if nothing else drives me nuts, it's just drifting along.
• what the rebasing will and that drives what the rebasing will happen.
• 26.880> the rather it is public interest driving the rather it is public interest driving the

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The Senate Commerce and Consumer Protection Committee held an informational briefing on the Public Utilities Commission’s performance-based regulation (PBR) framework and the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs’ whistleblower complaint process. Chair Jared Kohole opened the meeting, noted it was informational only with no public testimony, and explained that members would hear presentations and then have an opportunity for questions. The committee heard first from Ulupono Initiative, which provided background on why utilities are regulated, how Hawaii’s cost-of-service model and rate cases work, and why PBR was adopted to shift utility incentives away from a capital-investment bias and toward performance, efficiency, cost control, and policy goals such as renewable energy and reliability. Ulupono described Hawaii’s PBR structure as a five-year multi-year rate plan with annual revenue adjustments, a customer dividend, a Z factor for extraordinary exogenous events, and an exceptional project recovery mechanism for large projects. It also outlined performance incentive mechanisms tied to renewable portfolio standard progress, interconnection speed, reliability, and shared savings. The presentation said the current docket is evaluating a possible hybrid approach that would combine forward-looking forecasting with historical results, and Ulupono advocated for stronger incentives, arguing the current rewards are too small relative to utility revenues and should be more meaningful to better align utility behavior with legislative intent. The PUC then presented its own overview, emphasizing that the PBR docket is open and active and that the briefing was limited to the record to avoid ex parte concerns. The commission described the development of PBR in Hawaii through multiple phases beginning in 2018: an initial collaborative phase to set goals, a formal contested-case phase that produced the initial framework, later phases adding scorecards, reported metrics, and additional performance incentive mechanisms, and subsequent refinements including sunset of some mechanisms and adjustments after the August 2023 Maui wildfires. The PUC said the framework is intended to be customer-centric, administratively efficient, and protective of utility financial integrity, and that current work includes evaluating how to balance forward-looking and historical test-year approaches within the rebasing process. No votes or formal actions were taken at the briefing.

Transcript Highlights:

• You both have to do it and it drives you crazy when you're on Highway 70 all the time.
• You both have to do it and it drives you crazy when you're on Highway 70 all the time.
• And I don't remember much, except for them driving me back to the police station and me heading home
• accidents and to help those victims who have already suffered from impaired-driving accidents.
• accidents and to help those victims who have already suffered from impaired driving accidents.

Summary: The House met on the final day of session with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and approval of the prior day’s journal by a 126-0 vote. Most of the early floor time was devoted to points of personal privilege, with members and the Speaker offering extended tributes to departing colleagues, House staff, law enforcement, military service, and the work of the chamber. Several members also used the occasion to reflect on their careers, thank constituents and families, and discuss issues such as property tax reform, police service, mental health, and bipartisan cooperation. The House then took up Senate messages and committee reports, followed by several bills and resolutions. Senate Substitute for House Bill 2636, dealing with mortgage modification and related consumer protections, was adopted 142-1 and finally passed 144-1. Senate Substitute for House Bill 2397, concerning water district dissolution and related safeguards, was adopted 129-16 and finally passed 127-17. Senate Substitute No. 2 for House Bill 2576, a naming and commemorative bill adding observances and memorial highways/bridges, was adopted 136-4 and finally passed 134-6. The chamber also received Senate action on Senate Bill 1408 and Senate Joint Resolution 87, and committee reports recommended passage on several deferred measures. The House also debated Senate Joint Resolution 95, which proposed creating a constitutional Show Me Prosperity Fund as a sovereign wealth fund intended to eventually eliminate state-imposed taxes through long-term investment returns. Supporters argued it would promote fiscal sustainability and long-term prosperity, while opponents warned that it would lock away money during a period of projected budget shortfalls and could leave the state unable to access funds when needed. The resolution was discussed at length with questions about funding mechanics, investment authority, and emergency access, but the transcript provided does not include a final vote on the resolution.

Transcript Highlights:

• It's driving down conflict.
• And he said, "I would volunteer at Roadrunner if they guaranteed I could always drive the forklift."
• I know that many representatives have been doing food drives. I know that.
• To keep the door open, if a community says, 'We really like the drive-thru,' and a year from now they
• Of a shopping opportunity here instead of doing a drive-thru in this particular community.